SYLLABUS OFAMERi.: 




OLONIAL HISTORl 



BMaMQi>a a aaw«>oo*K:<w»>;- 



ROOT and AMES 




Class ^ 

Book 

Copyright}]^ 



CDPyHIGHT DEPOSIT. 



SYLLABUS OF 
AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 



SYLLABUS OF 

AMERICAN COLONIAL 
HISTORY 

FROM THE BEGINNING OF 

COLONIAL EXPANSION TO THE FORMATION 

OF THE FEDERAL UNION 



BY. 
WINFRED TREXLER ROOT, Ph.D. 

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF HISTORY 
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN 

AND 

HERMAN VANDENBURG AMES, Ph.D. 

PROFESSOR OF AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY 
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 

FOURTH AVENUE & 30TH STREET, NEW YORK 

LONDON, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA 

1912 



A /<5 



COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY 
LONGMANS, GHEEN, AND CO. 



THH-PLlMPlOTf-PRKSS 

[ WD-o] 
NORWOOD-MASS-U'S-A 



gCI.A;>27448 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION vii 

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE ix 

PART I: DISCOVERY, EXPLORATION, AND COLONIZATION 

Section I. European Backgrounds 3 

Section II. The Search for the Indies 5 

Section III. Exploration and Colonization to 1588 7 

Section IV. Commercial Companies and the Exploitation of America, 

1600-1620 11 

Section V. The Great Emigration, 1620-1640 . 15 

Section VI. Proprietary Colonies, 1660-1682 20 

PART II: POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, 

1606-1689 

Section I. Government in the Corporate Colonies 24 

Section II. Government in the Proprietary Provinces 28 

Section III. Land Systems and Local Institutions 34 

Section IV. Ecclesiastical Relations and Education 38 

Section V. Indian Relations and Intercolonial Union 42 



PART III: THE BRITISH COLONIAL SYSTEM, 1606-1689 

Section I. Beginnings of the British Colonial Policy, 1606-1660 . . 46 
Section II. Colonial Policy of the Restoration, 1660-1689 .... 50 



PART IV: PROVINCIAL AMERICA, 1690-1748 

Section I. Extension of Imperial Control, 1690-1714 58 

Section II. Growth of the Imperial Constitution 61 

Section III. Economic and Industrial Development 68 

[v] 



VI TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Section IV. Expansion of Settlement and Frontier Problems ... 74 

Section V. Intercolonial Relations 79 

Section VI. Social, Religious, and Educational Conditions .... 81 

PART V: REORGANIZATION AND REVOLUTION, 1748-1776 

Section I. The Empire Disorganized, 1748-1763 86 

Section II. Imperial Reorganization, 1763-1766 90 

Section III. Development of the Revolution, 1767-1775 .... 96 

Section IV. The Movement for Independence, 1775-1776 .... 103 

PART VI: CONFEDERATION AND CONSTITUTION, 1776-1789 

Section I. Formation of Government 108 

Section II. Problems Confronting Congress, 1776-1783 112 

Section III. Failure of the Confederation, 1783-1787 116 

Section IV. Triumph of Nationalism 119 



INTRODUCTION 

This syllabus is founded on the experience of the au- 
thors in conducting general courses on American Colonial 
History. It has, in consequence, been framed to meet 
their own desires and needs. Other instructors, who use 
this syllabus, will probably differ on questions of emphasis 
and points of view, on the matter of proportion, and on 
the order and manner of treatment. They should feel 
at liberty to omit certain subjects, to amplify others, 
to introduce new matter, and to modify the proportions 
and arrangement. 

The syllabus opens with the inception of the colonizing 
activities of western Europe and closes with the ratifi- 
cation of the federal constitution of 1787. The colonial 
period properly ends with the adoption of the permanent 
institutions which were the outgrowth of the experience 
of colonial and revolutionary days. 

It is one purpose of the authors to furnish a convenient 
classification of facts, events, and periods for the study 
of colonial history. But they have a larger purpose in 
view. It is hoped that the publication of this syllabus 
will do something toward the creation of a broader out- 
look in the treatment of the colonies. Too often the 
colonies have been studied as isolated and distinct polit- 
ical units, as if they bore no relation to each other, shared 
in no common development, were subject to no elaborate 

[vii] 



VIU INTRODUCTION 

system of imperial control, or played no part in the world's 
history. This syllabus undertakes to substitute breadth 
of view for the old narrow vision, to connect colonial 
history with other history, and to emphasize phases and 
periods usually neglected or treated incidentally. In 
particular, emphasis is laid upon the relation of the 
colonies with the mother country, and upon the influence 
of the advancing frontier on colonial development and on 
imperial relations. 

The syllabus also furnishes references to source mate- 
rial and secondary works for different phases and subjects. 
First, references are cited to the general secondary works. 
This list has been selected with a view to meet the needs 
of large classes in a general course or the conditions of a 
limited library. Second, for further and more intensive 
study, references are given to special histories and to 
articles and monographs to be found in the journals of 
learned societies and in university publications. Third, 
references to source material are confined to the several 
convenient and readily accessible collections of documents 
and contemporary writings. Lastly, at certain places, 
references are made to maps. In the matter of collateral 
reading the authors did not deem it wise to indicate spe- 
cifically which of the various references should be read by 
the students. Differences of opinion exist on the value of 
books and the amount of required reading. It is left 
to the individual instructor to use his own judgment. 



BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 



Guides: The most serviceable and recent bibliographical guides are Channing, 
Hart, and Turner, Guide to the Study of American History (1912), and the 
critical essays on authorities in the final chapter of each of the volumes in 
the series entitled The American Nation: a History, A. B. Hart, general edi- 
tor. J. N. Lamed, Literature of American History (1902), serves as a good 
introduction to source and secondary material. Justin Winsor, Narrative 
and Critical History of America (8 vols., 1888-1889), is useful and abundant, 
but only includes material published to 1887. W. T. Root, Relations of Penn- 
sylmnia with the British Government, 1696-1765 (1912), pp. 397-407, contains 
a critical bibliography of the sources and literature dealing with imperial 
relations. 

Secondary: The following general works are suggested for those who cannot 
have access to a large library: The American Nation: a History, vols. I-X, 
A. B. Hart, general editor; H. L. Osgood, The American Colonies in the Sev- 
enteenth Century (3 vols., 1905-1907), a work scholarly in character, and in- 
dispensable for the study of institutional development; Edward Channing, 
History of the United States (3 vols., 1895-1912, covering the period 1000- 
1789); C. M. Andrews, The Colonial Period (Home University Library, 
1912); J. A. Doyle, The English Colonies in America (5 vols., 1882-1907); 
John Fiske's historical works (11 vols.), although in some respects super- 
seded, are still of value and always of interest; George Bancroft, History 
of the United States (6 vols., last revision), is of much value, although fre- 
quently inaccurate and biased; Francis Parkman, Half Century of Conflict 
(2 vols.), Montcalm and Wolfe (2 vols.). Conspiracy of Pontiac (2 vols.), are 
not only standard authorities on the conflict between France and England 
in North America, but are eminently readable. 

On the relations of the colonies with the mother country, a phase of colo- 
nial history which is coming to be appreciated more and more, the following 
general works are of importance: G. L. Beer, Origins of the British Colonial 
System, 1578-1660 (1908) and British Colonial Policy, 1754-1765 (1907); 
Osgood, American Colonies (cited above), vol. HI; O. M. Dickerson, Ainer- 
ican Colonial Government, 1696-1765 (1912); H. E. Egerton, Short History of 
[ix] 



X BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 

British Colonial Policy (2d ed., revised); W. T. Root, Relations of Penn- 
sylvania with the British Government, 1696-1765 (1912). 

Much of the material dealing with the colonies from new points of view, 
and throwing light on subjects and periods hitherto neglected, has not yet 
found its way into general histories, but exists to a large extent in the shape 
of short articles and monographs. These are to be found in the Reports of the 
American Historical Association; in various journals, such as the American 
Historical Review, American Political Science Review, Political Science Quar- 
terly, Yale Review; and in the studies in history and politics published by vari- 
ous universities, such as the Johns Hopkins University Studies, Columbia 
University Studies, University of Pennsylvania Publications, Harvard His- 
torical Studies, University of Wisconsin Bulletins. 

Sources: The source material in convenient form includes: A. B. Hart, His- 
tory as Told by Contemporaries, vols. I-III; Original Narratives of American 
History, J. F. Jameson, general editor; William MacDonald, Select Char- 
ters and Select Documents; American History Leaflets; Old South Leaflets. 
G. S. Callender, Selections from the Economic History of United States (1909), 
pp. 1-238, is a valuable and convenient manual of sources for economic condi- 
tions. Colonial charters and the first state constitutions are found in B. P. 
Poore, Federal and State Constitutions and Colonial Charters (2 vols.); F. N. 
Thorpe, Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and other Organic 
Laws (7 vols.). W. C. Ford, Journals of Continental Congress, and Max 
Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention (3 vols., 1911), are collections of 
the greatest importance. The chief printed material for the colonial era 
is found in the British Calendar of State Papers, Colonial (14 vols., published 
to 1701); Ads of the Privy Council, Colonial, 1613-1785 (5 vols.); and the 
various Colonial Records and Archives published by the several States. 

Maps: Attention is directed to the excellent maps in W. R. Shepherd, Histor- 
ical Atlas, in the various volumes of the American Nation, and in Avery, 
History of the United States. 

Abbreviations: 

J. H. S. — Johns Hopkins Studies in History and Politics. 

C. U. S. — Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public 

Law. 
A. N. S. — American Nation Series. 
O. N. S. — Original Narrative Series. 
A. H. A. R. — American Historical Association Reports. 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 



AMERICAN COLONIAL 
HISTORY 

Part One 

PERIOD OF DISCOVERY, EXPLORATION AND 
COLONIZATION 



SECTION I. EUROPEAN BACKGROUNDS 

A. Pre-Columbian Explorers. 

Secondary: Avery, Hist. U. S., I, chs. iii-iv; Beazley, Dawn of 
Mod. Geog., pt. ii, 17 ff.; Brittain, Discovery and Exploration, 
3-38; Channing, Hist. U. S., I, 1-6; Fiske, Dis. of Amer., I, ch. 
ii; Payne, Hist, of Amer., I, 74-90; Slafter, Voyages of the North- 
men; Winsor, Amer., I, 59-76. 

Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflets, no. 3; Hart, Contemp., I, no. 16; 
Northmen, Columbus and Cabot (O. N. S.), 14-74; Old So. 
Leaflets, no. 31. 

1. Various legends and traditions. 

2. The Norsemen in the New World. 

(a) Physical and historical factors making Norse 

discovery probable. 
(6) Testimony of the Sagas, 
(c) Norse discoveries without influence on 

Europe. 

3. Later probable voyages. 

B. General Causes Opening the New World to Europe, 

1200-1500. 

Secondary: Beazley, Dawn of Mod. Geog., pt. ii, 275 ff., 293 ff., 
pt. iii, 15 ff. ; Beazley, Marco Polo and European Expansion of the 



AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part I 

Middle Ages (Atlantic Monthly, Oct., 1909); Brooks, Story of 
Marco Polo; Cheyney, European Backgrounds (A. N. S.), 3-40; 
Cunningham, Western Civilization, Mod. Times, 138-215; Fiske, 
Dis. of Amcr., I, 2G9-294; Helmholt, Hist, of World, I, pt. i, 1-10. 

Sources: Marco Polo (Yule ed.); Old So. Leaflets, no. 32. 

Maps: Cheyney, European Backgrounds (A. N. S.), 25, 35; Muir, 
Atlas Mod. Hist., 21, b; Shepherd, Hist. Atlas, 92,.93, 98-99, 
102-103, 124; Lit. and Hist. Atlas of Europe (Everyman's 
Lib.), 28. 

1. General awakening of Europe. 

(a) Growth of secular interests: revival of 
• learning and development of vernacular 
literatures. 
(6) Development of international trade. 

(c) Inventions: printing, gunpowder, compass, 

etc. 

(d) Increase in nautical skill and audacity. 

{e) Development of more effectively organized 
states: royal patronage of exploration 
and discovery. 

2. Relations between Europe and the Orient. 

(a) Mogul conquests and results. 
(6) European travellers to the East: Carpini, 
Rubruquis, the Polos. 

(c) Crusades and their influence. 

(d) Character and importance of trade relations. 
{e) Trade routes. 

(/) Commercial prosperity of Mediterranean 
cities: Genoa, Venice, Amalfi, Mar- 
seilles, etc. 

(g) Commercial exchange in Europe. 

3. Blockade of trade routes to East. 

(a) Breakdown of Mogul Empire: restoration 
of native dynasty in China. 



Section II ] AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 

(6) Rise and conquests of Ottoman Turks, 
(c) Search of new routes to East. 



SECTION II. THE SEARCH FOR THE INDIES 

A. Mediaeval Ideas of Cosmography. 

Secondary: Beazley, Dawn of Mod. Geog., pt. iii, 500-529; 

Bourne, Essays in Historical Criticism, 221-226; Channing, 

Hist. U. S., I, 7-8; Fiske, Dis. of Amer., I, 256-269. 295-315; 

Vignaud, Toscanelli and Columbus. 
Source: Old So. Leaflets, no. 30. 
Maps: Lit. and Hist. Atlas, Amer. (Everyman's Lib.), 1; Muir, 

Atlas Mod. Hist., 37, b, c; Fiske, Dis. of Amer., I, 232, 265, 288, 

304, 357, 422, 429. 

1. Theory of sphericity of the earth. 

(a) Ideas of Aristotle and Strabo. 

(6) Roger Bacon and the Imago Mundi. 

2. Toscanelli s map, 11^.71).. 

(a) Connection with discovery of America. 
(6) Question of genuineness of map. 

3. Behaims globe, 1492. 

B. Italian Contributions to Exploration. 

Cheyney, European Backgrounds (A. N. S.), 41-59. 

1. Cartographers and portolani. 

2. Nautical science. 

3. Explorers: Cabot, Columbus, Magellan, etc. 

C. Prince Henry of Portugal: Discovery of Eastern Routes 

to the Orient. 

Beazley, Prince Henry, chs. vii, ix, x, xiv, xvii-xx; Beazley, Prince 
Henry and his Colonizing Work (Amer. Hist. Rev., XVII, 252- 
267); Bourne, Essays in Historical Criticism, 173-189; Cheyney, 
European Backgrounds (A. N. S.), 41-78; Fiske, Dis. of Amer., I, 



6 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [ Part I 

316-334, II, 18-22; Hunter, Hist, of Brit. India, I, 110-133; 
Keller, Colonization. 79-90. 

1. Motives which prompted the work of Prince 

Henry. 

2. Preparations for the work. 

3. Prince Henry's captains. 

4. Voyages and discoveries. 

5. Cape of Good Hope and Eastern route. 

(a) Diaz turns the Cape of Good Hope, 1486. 
(6) Portuguese explorations down the east coast 

of Africa. 
(c) Vasco da Gama reaches India, 1496. 

6. Other voyages. 

(a) Cousin, 1488; Cabral, 1500; Cortereal, 1501. 

D. The Work of Christopher Columbus under Spanish 
Patronage: Discovery of the West Indies. 

Secondary: Avery, Hist. U. S., I, chs. vii-x, xii, xiv, xv; Bourne, 
Spain in Amer. (A. N. S.), 8-29, 84-103; Brittain, Dis. and 
Exploration, 275-295; Channing, Hist. U. S., I, 8-25, 42-47; 
Fiske, Dis. of Amer., I, 335-446, II, 99-164; Keller, Colonization, 
168-181; Markham, Columbus, 1-147; Payne, Hist, of Amer., 
I, 116-169, 202-210; Winsor, Amer. II, 1-23. 

Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflets, no. 1; Hart., Contemp., I, nos. 
17, 20; Northmen, Columbus and Cabot (O. N. S.), 77-144, 
259-272; Old So. Leaflets, nos. 29, 33, 34. 

1. Preparations for the ivork. 

(a) Investigation of literary sources: Book of 

Marco Polo, Imago Mundi, etc. 
(6) Experience in Portuguese service, 
(c) Columbus and Toscanelli. 

2. Attempts to gain a patron. 

(a) Overtures in Portugal and England. 

(6) Assistance from Spain: terms of contract. 



Section III ] American colonial history 7 

3. First voyage. 

(a) Preparations. 

(6) Discoveries made. 

4. Impression of discoveries on Europe, 

5. The naming of the New World. 

(a) Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci. 
(6) Knowledge of voyages: Soderini and Medici 
letters. 

(c) Waldseemiiller and "America." 

(d) Use of name "America" in Europe. 

E. The Work of John Cabot under English Patronage. 

Secondary: Bourne, Spain in Amer. (A. N. S.), 5-1-G6; Beazley. 
John and Seb. Cabot, 33-140; Channing, Hist. U. S., I, 33-42^ 
Fiske, Dis. of Aracr., II, 1-22; Harrisse, John and Seb.' Cabot,' 
36-148; Weare, Cabot's Discovery; Winsor, Amer., Ill, 1-7. 

Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflets, no. 9; Hart, Con temp., I, nos. 26, 
48; Northmen, Columbus and Cabot (O. N. S.), 421-430; Old 
So. Leaflets, nos. 37, 115. 

1. Royal charter to John Cabot, 1496. 

2. His voyages, lJ^97-lJi.98. 

3. Sebastian Cabot myth. 

(a) Favorable view of Fiske. 

(6) View of Bourne and Harrisse. 



SECTION III. EXPLORATION AND COLONI- 
ZATION TO 1588 

A. Physical Geography of North America: Connection with 
History. 

Brigham, Geog. Influence in Amer. Hist., chs. i, iii; Channing, 
Student's Hist. U. S., 1-17; Farrand, Basis of Amer! 
Hist. (A. N. S.), 3-69; George, Relations of Geog. and Hist., 
283-288; Low, The Amer. People, 1, 3-83; Semple, Amer. Hist! 
and Geog. Conditions, 1-52. 



8 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [ Part I 

1. Importance of geography in its relation to history. 

2. Physiography of North America. 

(a) Configuration, climate, resources. 
(6) Influence on European settlers. 

3. Natural conditions affecting European settlements. 

(a) Spanish: why not more successful. 

(&) French. 

(c) English: apparent disadvantages a help. 

B. Basis for the Determination of European Claims in 

America. 

Bourne, Spain in Amer. (A. N. S.), 29-32; Boume, Essays in Hist. 
Criticism, 193-220; Bourne, Lines of Demarcation (A. H. A. R., 
1891, 101-130); Cheyney, International Law under Queen Eliz. 
(Eng. Hist. Rev., XX, 659-672); Hall, International Law, 100- 
125; Harrisse, Diplomatic Hist, of Amer., 1-91; Hinsdale (Ohio 
Arch, and Hist. Quar., II, 349); Payne, Hist, of Amer., 243-246; 
Story, Commentaries, sees. 1-37. 

1. Spanish and Portuguese claims. 

(a) Pope as arbiter: Papal line of demarcation, 

1493. 
(6) Convention of Tordesillas, 1494. 
(c) Attitude of France and England toward 

claims. 

2. Rise of new principles in international relations. 

(a) Absolute title by priority of discovery. 

(6) Occupation and settlement. 

(c) Comparison with modern principles. 

C. Spanish Exploration and Colonization. 

Secondary: Boume, Spain in Amer. (A. N. S.), 33-53, 67-83, 
104-174, 243-253; Brittain, Discovery and Exploration, 315-361; 
Channing, Hist. U. S., I, 47-54, 59-85; Fiske, Dis. of Amer., I, 
ch. vi, II, 180-210, 239-259,483-492, 500-511; Hamilton, Coloni- 
zation of the South, 3-25; Lowery, Spanish Settlements in U. S., 



Section III ] AMERICAN colonial history 9 

123-337; Morris, Hist, of Colonization, I, 230-259; Winsor, 

Amer., II, 231-283, 349-397, 473-498. 
Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflets, no. 13; Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 

23, 24; Old So. Leaflets, nos. 20, 36, 39; Spanish Explorers 

(O. N. S.). 
Maps: Avery, Hist. U. S., I, 243, 287, 296. 

1. Voyages of Columbus and followers, 1492-1512. 

2. Discovery of Pacific: Balboa, 1513. 

3. Circumnavigation of the globe: Magellan, 1520. 

4. Exploration of Gulf and Atlantic coasts. 

(a) Atlantic coast: Gomez, 1524; De Ayllon, 

1526. 
(6) Florida: Ponce de Leon, 1513, 1521. 
(c) Conquest of Mexico: Cortez, 1519-1521. 

5. Exploration of interior of North America. 

(a) Wanderings of Cabeza de Vaca, 1527-1536. 
(6) Expedition of De Soto, 1539-1543. 
(c) Expedition of Coronado, 1540-1542. 

6. Spanish settlements. 

(a) In West Indies. 

(b) In North America: St. Augustine, 1565; 

Sante Fe, 1580. 

(c) Extent of Spanish immigration to America. 

D. French Exploration and Colonization. 

Secondary: Bourne, Spain in Amer. (A. N. S.), 143-148, 175-189; 
Channing, Hist. U. S., I, 90-110; Doyle, Eng. Cols., I, 82-98; 
Fiske, Dis. of Amer., II, 493-499, 511-522; Hamilton, Coloni- 
zation of South, 27-41; Parkman, Pioneers, 32-47, 96-130; 
Winsor, Amer., IV, 1-12. 

Sources: Early Eng. and Fr. Voyages (O. N. S.), 1-86; Hart, 
Contemp., I, nos. 34, 35, 36; Old So. Leaflets, no. 17. 

1. Explorations. 

(a) Verrazzano, 1524. 
lb) Cartier, 1534-1535. 



10 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [ Part I 

2. Attempted colonization. 

(a) Religious conditions in France. 
(6) Huguenots in Florida, 1562-1565. 
(c) Causes of failure. 

E. Beginnings of English Colonial Expansion. 

Secondary: Beer, Origins of British Col. System, ch. i; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., I, 115-140; Doyle, Eng. Cols., I, 43-73; Froude, 
Eng. Seamen, 1-152; Hume, Sir Walter Raleigh, chs. iv, v; 
Innes, England under the Tudors, 340-354; Osgood, Amer. 
Cols., I, 3-22; Raleigh, W., Eng. Voyages of 16th Cent., 1-147; 
Scott, W. R., Eng. Joint Stock Cos., II, 241-245; Tyler, 
Eng. in Amer. ( A. N. S.), 3-33; Winsor, Amer., Ill, 59-74, 
105-121. 

Sources: Early Eng. and Fr. Voyages (O. N. S.), 105-171, 175-321; 
Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 29, 30, 31, 33; Old So. Leaflets, nos. 92, 
lie, 118, 119. 

1. Lack of interest in colonization prior to time of 

Queen Elizabeth. 
(a) Troubles with the Papacy: Henry Eighth. 
(6) Restoration of Catholicism: Queen Mary. 

2. The English seamen. 

(a) Motives which prompted attacks on Spanish 

power. 
(6) Sir John Hawkins, 1562-1567. 
(c) Sir Francis Drake, 1570-1580. 

3. Attempted colonization. 

(a) The proprietary agency: historical prece- 
dents. 

(6) Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Newfoundland, 
1578-1583. 

(c) Sir Walter Raleigh and Roanoke, 1585-1591. 

4. Causes of failure. 

(a) Spanish hostility: the Armada, 1588. 



Section IV] American colonial history U 

(6) Poor character of settlers. 

(c) Insufficiency of private agency. 

F. Effect of New World on the Old World. 

Seeley, Expansion of England, ch. v; Helmholt, Hist, of World, 
Western Europe, pt. 1, 66-71. 

Maps: On discovery and exploration; Dow, Atlas European Hist., 
16; Bourne, Spain in Amer. (A. N. S.), 35, 117; Fiske, Dis. of 
Amer., I, 324, 469, 493, II, 99, 201; Lit. and Hist. Atlas, Amer. 
(Everyman's Lib.), 2, 3, 4; Muir, Atlas Mod. Hist., 37, a; Shep- 
herd, Hist. Atlas, 105, 107-110. 



SECTION IV. THE COMMERCIAL COMPANIES 

AND THE EXPLOITATION OF AMERICA 

1600-1620 

A. Situation in Europe at the Opening of the Seventeenth 

Century. 

Cheyney, Some Eng. Conditions Surrounding the Settlement of Va. 
(Amer. Hist. Rev., XII, 507-528); Keller, Colonization, 168- 
206; Innes, England under the Tudors, 369-390. 

1. Decline of Spanish colonial activity: reasons. 

2. Revival of French interest. 

3. The rise of Dutch colonial enterprise. 

4. Renewed English interest. 

B. The Motives and Theories of Colonization. 

Secondary: Beer, Origin of Brit. Col. System, 1-78; Bruce, 

Econ. Hist. Va., I, ch. i. 
Sources: Brown, Genesis of U. S., I, 36-41; Hart, Contemp., I, 

nos. 44, 45, 46; Old So. Leaflets, no. 437. 

1. The writings of Hakluyt, Gilbert, Peckham, 

Raleigh, Carleill, etc. 

2. Immigration and overpopulation. 

(a) Fallacy ©f this view. 



12 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [ Part I 

3. Subsidiary motives. 

(a) Search for north-west passage. 
(6) Spread of Christianity, 
(c) Attacks on Spanish power. 

4. Economic purposes of colonization. 

(a) Fisheries and development of sea power. 
(6) Colonization as a means of lessening eco- 
nomic dependence on foreign nations. 

C. The System of Chartered Commercial Companies. 

Secondary: Beer, Origins Brit. Col. System, 182-188, 221-228; 
Cheyney, European Backgrounds (A. N. S.), 147-167; Osgood, 
Amer. Cols., II, 3-4; Scott, W. R., Eng. Joint Stock Cos., II, 
246-248. 

Sources: Early Eng. and Fr. Voyages (O. N. S.), 353-394; Mac- 
Donald, Select Charters, 1-11; Brown, First Rep., 1-20. 

1. Origin and nature of the trading companies. 

(a) Rise of trading company: historical prece- 
dents. 

(6) Comparison of joint-stock and regulated 
companies. 

(c) Influence of trading companies on English 

colonial and commercial expansion. 

(d) Comparison of methods of northern and 

southern Europe. 

2. The trading company as a colonizing agency. 

(a) East India Company, 1600. 

(6) Preparations for American colonization: 

voyages and reports of Pring, Weymouth, 

etc. 
(c) Individuals and classes interested in the 

movement. 



Section IV] American colonial history 13 

(d) Incorporation of the London and Plymouth 

companies: organization, powers, privi- 
leges. 

(e) Anomalous character of the charter. 

D. The London Company in Virginia, 1607-1624. 

Secondary: Channing, Hist. U. S., I, 143-172, 176-224; Doyle, 
Eng. Cols., I, 101-142, 151-184; Fiske, Old Va. and her Neigh- 
bors, I, 70-222; Kingsbury, Comparison Va. Comp. with other 
Comps. (A. H. A. R., 1906, 1, 159); Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, 23-90; 
Scott, Joint Stock Cos., II, 248-259, 266-289; Scisco, Plantation' 
Type of Colony (Amer. Hist. Rev., VIII, 260); Tyler, Eng. in 
Amer. (A. N. S.), 34-90; Winsor, Amer., Ill, 127-153. 

Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflets, no. 27; Hart. Contemp., I, nos. 62, 
63; Nar. of Early Va. (O. N. S.), 1-71, 121-203, 205-223. 

Maps: Tyler, Eng. in Amer. (A. N. S.), 35, 77; Avery, Hist. U. S., 
II, 36, 38, 41, 53. 

1. Under the charter of 1606: failure. 

(a) Poor character of settlers: passion for 

gold. 
(6) Unfavorable climatic conditions. ^ 

(c) Precarious source of supplies. 

(d) Unreasonable demands of the company. 

(e) Conciliar government too cumbersome. 

(/) Work of Captain John Smith: authenticity 
of his writings. 
2. Under the administration of Sir Thomas Smythe, 
1609-1619. 
(a) Charters of 1609, 1612; analysis. 
(6) Joint-stock system in land and trade. 

(c) Administration of system. 

(d) Fortunes of colony under Dale, Yeardley, 

Argall. 

(e) Inroads on joint-stock system. 



14 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [ Part I 

3. Under the Sandy s-Southampto?i regime, 1619-162 J4,. 
(a) Factions in the company : triumph of hberal 

element. 
(6) New land tenm-e: transition to private 
holdings. 

(c) Grant of political privileges to settlers: 

House of Burgesses, 1619. 

(d) Growth and fortunes of colony. 

(e) Dissolution of the company. (See p. 47-48.) 

E. The Plymouth Company in New England. 

Secondary: Andrews, Colonial Period, 9-41; Doyle, Eng. Cols., II, 
22-25; Fry, New Hampshire (C. U. S., XXIX, 17-27); Osgood, 
Amer. Cols., I, 98-103, 119-127; Scott, Joint Stock Cos., IL 
301-306; Tyler, Eng. in Amer. (A. N. S.), 149-152. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., I, no. 51; MacDonald, Select Charters, 
23-33. 

1. Attempted Colonization, 1606-1607 . 

(a) Settlement at Sagadahoc. 
(6) Difficulties and abandonment. 
^ (c) Comparison with Jamestown settlement, 

1607-1010. 

2. The Council for Neiv England, 16 W. 

(a) Relation to early Plymouth Company. 

(b) Circumstances surrounding the grant of 

charter. 

(c) Organization and powers of council: com- 

parison with other trading companies. 

(d) Unsuccessful efforts to found a colony. 

3. The New England Council as a land company. 

(a) Nature of grants: private and public plan- 
tations. 

(6) Private plantations: grants to Pierce and 
associates, Lyconia Company, etc. 



Section V] American colonial history 15 

(c) Public plantations: grants to Mason, 

Gorges, Massachusetts Bay Company. 

(d) Dissolution of the New England Council. 

F. The Dutch and Swedish Companies in America. 

Secondary: Cheyney, European Backgrounds (A. N. S.), 152-156; 
Channing, Hist. U. S., I, 438-460; Doyle, Eng. Cols., IV, 1-12, 
54-67; Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Cols., I, 96-126; Johnson, 
Swedish Settlements on Del., I, 33-157; Keller, Colonization, 
366-415; Winsor, Amer., IV, 395-409, 442-488. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 150, 151, 153, 158, 159; Nar. 
Early New Neth. (O. N. S.), 1-90; Nar. Early Pa. and Del. 
(O. N. S.), 1-29, 91-150, 167-176. 

Maps: Tyler, Eng. in Amer. (A. N. S.), 296; Avery, Hist. U. S., 
II, 257; Johnson, Swedish Settlements, I, 164, II, 496. 

1 . The Dutch West India Company. 

(a) Basis of Dutch interest in colonization. 

(6) Organization of the Dutch West India 

Company, 1621. 
(c) Founding of New Netherlands. 

2. Swedish settlements on the Delaware. 

(a) Conditions in Sweden. 

(b) Organization of New Sweden Company. 

(c) Founding of colony on the Delaware. 

3. Relations between the Dutch and Swedes. 

(a) Contest for control of the Delaware. 
(6) Dutch conquest, 1655. 

SECTION V. THE GREAT EMIGRATION 
1620-1640 
A. Religious Situation in England. 

Cheyney, European Backgrounds (A. N. S.), 216-239; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., I, 271-291; Gardiner, Puritan Revolution, 13-17, 
80-93, 115-129; Innes, England under the Tudors, 414-427; 



16 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Parti 

Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., I, 101-132; Shaw, Elizabethan Pres- 
byterianism (Eng. Hist. Rev., Ill, 655); Trevelyan, Eng. under 
the Stuarts, 76-81; Winsor, Amer., Ill, 219-244. 

1. The English Reformation. 

(a) A national church estabHshed: acts of Su- 

premacy and Uniformity. 

(b) Rise of dissent. 

2. Development of Puritanism and Separatism. 

(a) The "Marian Exile." 

(6) Conformists: Puritans. ♦ 

(c) Non-Conformists: Separatists and Pres- 

byterians. 

3. Policy of the state against Puritans and Separatists. 

(a) Persecution of Brovvnists or Separatists. 

(b) The Hampton Court Conference, 1604. 

(c) Persecution and its consequences. 

4. Intolerance the rule throughout Christendom. 

B. Political Situation in England. 

Secondary: Cheyney, European Backgrounds (A. N. S.), 240-260; 

Gardiner, Puritan Rev., 46-76, 94-99; Hosmer, Anglo-Saxon 

Freedom, chs. vii, Lx, x; Trevelyan, Eng. under the Stuarts, 

156-194. 
Sources: Old So. Leaflets, nos. 23, 24; Prothero, Select Statutes 

and Documents, 340-359. 

1. Conflict between the Crown and Parliament. 

(a) Theory of Divine Right versus Parlia- 
mentary Supremacy. 

(6) Struggle over rights of Englishmen and 
privileges of Parliament. 

(c) Religious element in the political struggle. 

2. The CivU War, 16J^1-16J^9. 

(a) The Long Parliament. 

(b) The Grand Remonstrance. 



Section V] American colonial history 17 

3. Influence of religious and political disturbance on 
colonization. 

C. The Pilgrims and Plymouth Company. 

Secondary: Brown, Pilgrim Fathers, 15-136, 158-238; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., I, 293-317; Doyle, Eng. Cols., II, 27-64; Osgood] 
Amer. Cols., I, 105-118; Scott, Eng. Joint Stock Cos., II, 306-311; 
Scisco, Plantation Type of Colony (Amer. Hist. Rev., VIII, 260) ; 
Tyler, Eng. in Amer. (A. N. S.), 149-162; Winsor, Amer., Ill,' 
219-244. 

Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflets, no. 29; Bradford, Hist. Plymouth 
Plantation (O. N. S.), 23-158; Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 49, 97, 
99; MacDonald, Select Charters, 51-53; Old So. Leaflets, no. 153. 

Map: Avery, Hist. U. S., II, 103. 

1. The Pilgrims in England and Holland. 

(a) Cradle of the movement. 
(6) Religious ideals: leaders. 

(c) Persecution at home and flight to Holland. 

(d) Reasons for leaving Holland. 

2. The Pilgrims in America. 

(a) Early negotiations between Pilgrims and 

London Company. 
(6) Founding and early fortunes of colony: 

Indians, sickness, supplies. 

3. The joint-stock system. 

(a) Patent from the New England Council. 
(6) Relations between settlers and adventurers. 

(c) Colonists purchase claims of adventurers. 

(d) Joint-stock system for trade in the colony. 

4. Extent of population. 

D. The Puritans and Massachusetts Bay Company, 1629. 

Secondary: Channing, Hist. U. S., I. 322-340; Doyle, Eng. Cols., 
II, 83-103; Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, 128-152; Scott, Eng. Joint 
Stock Cos., II, 312-315; Tyler, Eng. in Amer. (A. N. S.), 183-200; 
Twitchell, John Winthrop, chs. i-iv; Winsor, Amer., Ill, 295-313. 

3 



18 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [ Part I 

Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflet, no. 31; Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 52, 
105, 106; Johnson, Wonder Working Providence (O. N. S.), 
23-65; Journals of John Wintlirop (O. N. S.), I, 24-71; 
MacDonald, Select Charters, 37-43; Old So. Leaflets, nos. 7, 154. 

Maps: Avery, Hist. U. S., II, 133, 164, 361; Mathews, Expansion 
New Eng., 15. 

1. Early settlements in Massachusetts. 

(a) Dorchester fishing adventure at Cape Ann. 
(h) Grant to Massachusetts Bay Company from 

New England Council, 1628. 
(c) Government at Salem: John Endicott. 

2. The Puritan Exodus, 1629-1C40. 

(a) Personal rule of Charles I. 

(6) Laud's policy of "Thorough" in church. 

3. Royal charter to Massachusetts Bay Company, 1629. 

(a) Circumstances surrounding the grant. 

(6) Cambridge Agreement: transfer of charter 

and company to colony. 
(c) Significance of the removal. 

4. Early history of the colony. 

(a) Number and character of settlers. 
(6) Ea,rly settlements. 
(c) Leaders. 

E. The Expansion of New England. 

Secondary: Andrews, Conn. River Towns (J. H. S., VII, 1-31); 
Channing, Hist. U. S., I, 382-411; Doyle, Eng. Cols., II, 149-158, 
179-184, 190-196, 201-219; Belknap, New Hampshire, I, chs. 
i, ii, iv; Fry, New Hampshire (C. U. S., XXIX, 31-65); Osgob^, 
Amer. Cols., I, 371-376, 382-388; Richman, Rhode Island, I, 
chs. i-iv; Trumbull, Conn., I, chs. iv, v; Tyler, Eng. in Amer. 
(A. N. S.), 229-281; Walker, Thos. Hooker, chs. i-iv. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 113, 117, 118; Johnson, Wonder 
Working Providence (O. N. S.), 105-107. 

Maps: Avery, Hist. U. S., II, 286, 340; Mathews. E.xpansion of New 
Eng., 21, 23, 35. ^ 



Section V] American colonial history 19 

1. Colonization of Narragansett Bay. 

(a) Causes which led to settlement. 
(6) Founding of Providence: Roger Williams, 
(c) Founding of Portsmouth and Newport. 
{d) Settlement at Warwick: Samuel Gorton. 

2. Colonization of Connecticut. 

(a) Grant to Lords Brooke and Saye and Sele. 
(&) Dutch and Pilgrims on the Connecticut 

River. 
(c) Settlement of the Connecticut River towns; 

causes of exodus from Massachusetts. 

3. Colonization in Maine and New Hampshire. 

(a) Private settlements. 
(6) Founding of Dover, Exeter, etc. 
(c) Massachusetts extends jurisdiction over 
Maine and New Hampshire. 



F. The Catholics and the Founding of Maryland. 

Secondary: Browne, George and Cecil Calvert, chs. i-iv; Chan- 
ning. Hist. U. S., I, 241-256; Doyle, Eng. Cols., I, 275-284; Fiske, 
Old Va. and Neighbors, I, 255-285; Hall, The Lords Baltimore, 
chs. i-iii; Steiner, Beginnings of Md. (J. H. S., XXI, 359-426); 
Tyler, Eng. in Amer. (A. N. S.), 118-130. 

Sources: Nar. Early Md. (O. N. S.), 11-100; Hart, Contemp., 
I, nos. 72, 73; MacDonald, Select Charters, 53-59. 

Maps: Avery, Hist. U. S., H, 201, III, 55; Tyler, Eng. in Amer., 133. 

1. Position of the Catholics in England. 

Cheyney, European Backgrounds (A. N. S.), 200-215; Merriman, 
Eng. Catholics in Reign of Eliz. (Amer. Hist. Rev., XIII, 480-500) ; 
Trevelyan, Eng. under the Stuarts, 82-99. 

(a) Penal legislation against the Catholics. 
(6) Catholics not colonizers; reasons. 



20 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [ Part I 

2. Lord Baltimore. 

(a) Character and early career. 
(6) Early interest in colonization. 
(c) Treatment in Virginia. 

3. The charter and colony. 

(a) Nature of the charter. 

(6) Founding of colony : purposes of Baltimore. 

(c) Early fortunes of colony. 



SECTION VI. THE PROPRIETARY COLONIES 
1660-1682 

A. Revival of Interest in Colonization. (See p. 50.) 

1. Evidences of renewed interest. 

(a) Passage of Acts of Trade. 

(6) Expansion of commerce and colonization 
through new trading companies, pro- 
prietary agencies, and conquest. 

(c) Statesmen and merchants interested in 
movement. 

B. Conquest of New Netherlands, 1664. 

Secondary: Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), ch. v; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., II, 31-40; Doyle, Eng. Cols., IV, 78-107. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., I, no. 155; Nar. Early New Neth. 
(O. N. S.), 455-456. 

1. Basis of English hostility to the Dutch. 

(a) Commercial rivalry. ^ 

(6) Reasons for removing Dutch power from 
the Hudson. 

2. The conquest. 

(a) Grant to the Duke of York: nature and 
extent. 



Section VI] American colonial history 21 

(6) Sub-grant to Berkeley and Carteret. 
(c) Conquest and terms of surrender. 
3. Extent and character of the population. 

C. The Founding of the Carolinas. 

Secondary: Andrews, Col. Period, 42-61; Andrews, Col. Self 
Gov't. (A. N. S.), ch. ix; Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 13-25; Doyle, 
Eng. Cols., I, 328-334; Fiske, Old Va. and Neighbors, II, 270-278; 
McCrady, So. Car. under Prop. Gov't., 39-93; Osgood, Amer. 
Cols., II, 200-208, 232-233. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 78, 79; Nar. Early Car. (O. N. S.), 
63-134. 

Maps: Avery, Hist. U. S., Ill, 13, 14; Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. 
(A. N. S.), 204. 

1. The Albemarle colony. 

2. The attempts to colonize at Cape Fear. 

3. The charter to Berkeley, Carteret, Clarendon, etc. 

(a) Personnel of board of proprietors. 

(b) Their powers. 

4. Founding of the colony. 

(a) Failure of first attempt. 
(6) Second attempt. 

(c) Extent and character of population. 

D. The Founding of New Jersey. 

Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 101-109; Channing, Hist. 
U. S., II, 44-50; Doyle, Eng. Cols., IV, 125-129, 290; Osgood, 
Amer. Cols., II, 169-173. 

1. Dutch and Swedish settlements. 

2. Patent to Berkeley and Carteret. 

3. Puritan settlements. "* 

E. The Quakers in America. 

Secondary: Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 162-175; Chan- 
ning, Hist. U. S., II, 56-59, 94-116; Doyle, Eng. Cols., IV, 287- 
290, 299-303, 316-319, 379-387; Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Cols., 



22 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [ Part I 

II, 99-167; Fisher, True Wm. Penn., chs. iii, iv, v, vi, xiii, xiv; 

Jones, The Quakers in Amer., 3-44, 357-371, 417-422; Trevelyan, 

Eng. under the Stuarts, 312-315; Sharpless, Quaker Experiment 

in Gov't., 7-20. 
Sources: Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 161, 163, 167; MacDonald, 

Select Charters, 183-190; Nar. Early Pa. and West Jersey 

(O. N. S.), 197-215, 255-276, 392-412, 449-458. 
Maps: Avery, Hist. U. S., Ill, 84, 97; Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. 

(A. N. S.), 255. 

1. Situation of Quakers in England and the colonies. 

(a) Quakers and the Clarendon Code. 

{b) Persecution of the Quakers in the colonies. 

(c) Necessity of forming their own colonies. 

2. Beginnings of Quaker interest in colonization. 

(a) Quaker missionaries to America. 

(6) Visit of George Fox. 

(c) Penn's interest in America. 

3. Neiv Jersey as a Quaker colony. 

(a) Process by which Quakers secure possession. 
(6) Early Quaker settlements. 

4. Pennsylvania: a Quaker Experiment. 

(a) Circumstances surrounding the royal grant 

to Penn. 
(h) Penn's advertisement of his colony. 

(c) Founding of the colony. 

(d) Population: Dutch, Swedes, Germans, 

Quakers. 

(e) Delaware becomes part of colony. 

F. Summary of Seventeenth Century English Colonization. 
1. Motives uihich actuated colonization. 

(a) Economic. 

(b) Religious and political. 

(c) Influence on colonial development. 



Section VI] American colonial history 23 

2. The agencies of colonization. 

(a) Proprietorship. 

(6) Trading corporation. 

(c) Relation to home government and to settlers. 

3. The joint-stock system in founding colonies. 

(a) In Virginia, Plymouth, and Maine and New 
Hampshire. 

4. Extent of settlement. 

5. Number, distribution, and nationality of popula- 

tion. 

Maps: Showing spread of colonization; Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. 
(A. N. S.), 41, 204, 255, 273; Avery, Hist. U. S., II, 308, 398, 
HI, 112; Channing, Hist. U. S., I, 510; Mathews, Expansion of 
f New Eng., 35; Muir, Atlas Mod. Hist., 42, a, b, c; Shepherd, 
Hist. Atlas, 189, 192, 193; Lit. and Hist. Atlas, Amer. (Every- 
man's Lib.), 6. 



Part Two 

POLITICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL 

DEVELOPMENT 

1606-1689 



SECTION I. GOVERNMENT IN THE 
CORPORATE COLONIES 

A. Classification of the Colonies. 

Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, xxv-xxxii. 

1. Corporate colonies; democratic in form. 

2. Proprietorship; feudal and monarchical. 

B. Massachusetts Bay: a Theocracy. 

Secondary: GENERAL ACCOUNTS; Andrews, Colonial Period, 62- 
89; Doyle, Eng. Cols., II, 103-111; Osgood, Amer. Cols, I, 141- 
199; TwichcU, John Winthrop, chs. vi, viii-x. 

SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: Bishop, Hist, of Elections (C. U. S., Ill, 123- 
145); Haynes, Rep. and Suffrage in Mass. (J. H. S., XII, 7-59); 
Kaye, Col. Exec. (J. H. S., XVIII, 28-38); McKinley, Suffrage 
Franchise in Cols., 300-337; Moran, Bicameral System (J. H. 
S., XIII, 8-13); Reinsch, Eng. Common Law in Cols. (Univ. 
Wis. Bulletin, 11-25); Washburn, Judicial Hist. Mass., chs. ii-iii. 

Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflets, no. 25, MacDonald, Select Charters, 
37-42, 72-91; Old So. Leaflets, no. 164; Winthrop, Journals 
(O. N. S.), I, 74-75, 77-80, 122, 125, 147, 149, 151, 302-305, 
323-324, II, 36-38, 59-60, 64-66, 116-121, 164, 189, 211-219. 

1. Political and religious philosophy of the Puritans. 

Cambridge Mod. Hist., II, ch. xi; Merriam, Amer. Pol. Theories, 
2-26; Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, 200-203. 

(a) The Bible as a rule of conduct. 
(6) Calvin's Institutes as a text. 



Section I ] American colonial history 25 

2. The charter as an instrument of government. 

(a) Transfer of charter to the colony; signifi- 
cance, (See p. 18.) 

(6) Admission of freemen and suffrage quaH- 
fications; 1631; theocracy estabhshed. 

3. Rise of the representative system. 

(a) Origin of representation. 
(6) Basis of representation, apportionment, 
method of election. 

4. The General Court; democratic tendencies. 

(a) Dominant position of the legislature. 
(6) Composition, functions, procedure. 
(c) Relations between deputies and magis- 
trates. 
{d) Bicameral legislature established, 1644. 

5. The executive; aristocratic tendencies. 

(a) Organization, powers, method of election. 
(6) Alliance between magistrates and clergy. 
(c) Contests between executive board and 
deputies. 

6. The judicial system. 

(a) Judicial functions of magistrates, of General 

Court. 
(6) Local courts. 

(c) Mosaic code and English common law. 
{d) Judicial discretion of the magistrates; Body 

of Liberties, 1641. 
{e) Character of judicial administration. 

C. Plymouth. 

Secondary: GENERAL ACCOUNTS; Doyle, Eng. Cols., II, 49-50, 
68-74; Goodwin, Pilgrim Republic, chs. iii-iv; Osgood, Amer. 
Cols., I, ch. vi. 



26 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [ Part II 

SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: Haynes, Rep. and Suffrage in Mass. (J. H. 

S., XII, G6-81); McKinley, Suffrage Franchise in Cols., 337- 

349. 
Sources: Bradford, Hist. Plymouth (O. N. S.), 106-107, 116-117, 

165, etc.; Hart, Con temp., I, nos. 98, 102; MacDonald, Select 

Charters, 33-34. 

1. Early forms of government. 

(a) Mayflower compact, 1620; formation of a 

body-politic. 
(6) Plymouth as town and colony. 
(c) Legislature; primary assembly. 
{d) Executive; governor and assistants. 

2. Rise of the representative system. 

(a) Expansion of settlement and representation. 
(6) Method of election, apportionment, fran- 
chise. 
(c) Relations between magistrates and deputies. 

3. Judicial system. 

D. Connecticut. 

Secondary: GENERAL ACCOUNTS; Doyle, Eng. Cols., II, 159- 
IGO; Osgood, Amer. Cols., 1,301-331; Trumbull, Conn., chs. 
vi xii. 

SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: Kaye, Col. Exec. (J. H. S., XVIII, 294-298); 
Moran, Bicameral System (J. H. S., XIII, 220-226) ; McKinley, 
Suffrage Franchise in Cols., 380-423; Reinsch, Eng. Common 
Law in Cols. (Univ. \Vis. Bulletin, 25-26). 

Sources: Hart, Con temp., I, nos. 120, 121; MacDonald, Selpct 
Charters, 60-65, 67-72, 101-104, 116-119. 

1. Connecticut River Towns. 

Walker, Thos. Hooker, chs. vi-vii. 

- (a) Causes of separation from Massachusetts; 
Thomas Hooker. 
(6) Early relations with Massachusetts. 



/] AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 27 

(c) The Fundamental Orders, 1639; formation 

of a constitution. 

(d) Constitutional development. 
Republic of New Haven. 

Levermore, Republic of New Haven (J. H. S., ex. vol. I). 

(a) A theocracy established, 1639. 
(6) Federation of towns, 1643. 
(c) Government under the federation. 
Royal charter, 1662. 
(a) Granting of the charter. 
(6) Incorporation of New Haven. 
(c) Analysis of charter as a constitution of 

government. 
{d) Representation and suffrage. 
{e) Constitutional development under charter; 



E. Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. 

Secondary: GENERAL ACCOUNTS: Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. 
4 (A. N. S.), 57-C9; Doyle, Eng. Cols., H, 179-199; Osgood, 

Amer. Cols., I, 332-370; Richman, Rhode Island, I, chs. v-viii, 

II, chs. ix-xii. 
SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: Kaye, Col. Exec. (J. H. S., XVIII, 292- 

294); McKinley, Suffrage Franchise in Cols., 430-450; Moran, 

Bicameral System (J. H. S., XIII, 226-230). 
Sources: Hart, Contemp., I, no. 114; MacDonald, Select Charters, 

91-94, 125-133. 

1. Individualism of settlers and leaders. 

2. Early government at Providence. 

3. Formation of the colony of Rhode Island. 

(a) Early government at Portsmouth and New- 
port. 

(6) Union of the towns, 1639-1641; the con- 
stitution. 



28 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part II 

4. Colo?iy of Rhode Island and Providence. 

(a) Patent of 1644; why secured. 

(6) Union of four towns, 1647; form of govern- 
ment. 

(c) Coddington and the separation of the towns, 
1651. 

{d) Union restored, 1654. 

5. Royal charter, 1663. 

{a) Circumstances surrounding grant. 

(6) Analysis of charter as a constitution of 

government, 
(c) Constitutional development. 

F. Summary of Constitutional Development in the Corporate 
Colonies. 

Osgood, Amer. Cols., II, 433-438. 

1. The corporate colony an American product. 

2. Differences in the founding of the corporate colonies. 

3. Comparison of forms of government. 

(a) Legislature. 

(6) Executive. ^ 

(c) Representation and suffrage. 

{d) Judiciary. 

4. Government in England and New England con- 

trasted. 



SECTION II. GOVERNMENT IN THE 
PROPRIETARY PROVINCES 

A. Essential Characteristics of the Provinces. 

Lapsley, Country Palatine of Durham; Mereness, Md., 1-11; 
Osgood, Amer. Cols., II, 3-15. 



Section II ] American colonial history 29 

1. Analysis of charters. 

(a) Powers of proprietors; territorial and gov- 
ernmental. 

(6) Rights reserved to Crown, guaranteed to 
people. 

2. Historical precedents. 

(a) County palatine of Durham. 
{b) Charters to Cabot, Gilbert, Raleigh. (See 
p. 10.) 

3. Comparison of province and corporation. 

(a) Source of political power. 

(6) Elasticity of proprietary charters. 

4. Forces and factors making for popular govern- 

ment. 

(a) Concessions of proprietors. 

(b) Character and demands of settlers. 

B. Virginia : Corporation as Proprietor. 

Secondary: GENERAL ACCOUNTS: Bruce, Institutional Hist. 

Va., II, 229-254; Doyle, Eng. Cols., I, 158-162; Fiske. Old 

Va., I, 191-222; Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, 44-52, 69-73, 92-97. 
SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: Chandler, Rep. in Va. (J. H. S., XIV, 263- 

273); Kaye, Col. Exec. (J. H. S., XVIII, 267-279). 
Sources: Brown, First Rep., 242-243, 249-251, 266, 293, 309- 

310, 313-322; Hart, Contemp., I, no. 75; McDonald, Select 

Charters, 34-36; Nars. Early, 245-276. 

1. Conciliar government, 1607-1610. 

(a) Nature of royal control in charter, 1606. 
(6) The councils in England and Virginia; form 
and powers. 

(c) Failure of conciliar government; reasons. 

2. Absolute government, 1610-1619. 

(a) Charters of 1609, 1612; company in full 
control. 



30 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [ Part II 

(6) System of rigid control; Dale's Blue Laws; 

justification. 
3. Representative government established, 1619. 

(a) Grant of popular representation; Sir 

Edwin Sandys. 
(6) Composition of House of Burgesses. 

(c) Relation of executive to burgesses. 

(d) Early proceedings of legislature. 

C. Maryland : Typical Proprietary Province. 

Secondary: GENERAL ACCOUNTS: Browne, Calverts, ch. v; 

Doyle, Eng. Cols., I, 286-299; Fiske, Old Va. and Neighbors, I, 

275-285; Mereness, Md., 153-226; Osgood, Amer. Cols., II, 58-93. 
SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: Kaye, Col. Exec. (J. H. S., XVIII, 298- 

306); McKinley, Suffrage Franchise in Cols., 48-69; Moran, 

Bicameral System (J. H. S., XIII, 247-249). 
Sources: MacDonald, Select Charters, 53-59; Nars. Early Md. 

(O. N. S.). 

' 1. Executive official system, 163^-1660. 
(a) Character of the proprietors. 
{h) Power and authority of the governor and 

council. 
(c) Ordinance of Government, 1637. 
{d) Expansion of official system, an official 

aristocracy. 

2. Development of popular control. 

(a) Early forms of the legislature, 1635-1650. 
{b) Representative system established, 1650. 

(c) Contest over initiation of legislation; demo- 

cratic triumph. 

(d) Bicameral system established, 1650. 

3. Reactionary tendencies, 1660-1689. 

(a) The long assembly. 

(6) Taxation, restriction of suffrage, nepotism. 



Section II] American colonial history 31 

4. Popular discontent. 

(a) Attempted insurrection. 
(6) Overthrow of proprietary rule, 1689. (See 
p. 56.) 

D. New Netherlands and New York: Struggle for Popular 
Power. 

Secondary: Doyle, Eng. Cols., IV, 18-30, 33-41, 107-112 130- 
133, 150-152, 156-171; Fiske, Dutch and Quaker Cols., I, 189- 
218, II, 37-61; McKinley, Suffrage Franchise in Cols.,' 196- 
209; O'Callaghan, New Neth., I, 240-250, 283-295, 305-318, 
II, chs. vii-Lx; Osgood, Amer. Cols., IL 95-168; Tuckerman,' 
Peter Stuyvesant. 

Sources: MacDonald, Select Charters, 136-139; Nars. Early New 
Neth. (O. N. S.), 324-378. 

1. Dutch West India Compani/ as proprietor. 

(a) Autocriatic power of director and council. 

(6) Popular discontent; causes. 

(c) Representative boards, 1640-1664. 

2. Duke of York as proprietor. 

(a) Analysis of royal grant. 

(b) Assembly of 1665; Duke of York's Laws. 

(c) Concession of representation to people; 

history. 

(d) Concessions withdrawn, 1685; reasons. 

E. Carolinas. 

Secondary: Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 134-142, 145- 
161; Bassett, Const'l. Beginnings in No. Car. (J. H. S., XII, 
105-169); Doyle, Eng. Cols., I, 335-344; McCrady, So. Car! 
under Prop. Gov't., 94-234; Osgood, Amer. Cols., II, 200- 
244; Raper, Nor. Car., 16-26; Smith, So. C. as a Royal Prov 
3-8. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 78, 80; MacDonald, Select 
Charters, 120-125, 148-168; Nars. Early Car. (O. N. S.), 313-342; 
Old So. Leaflets, no. 172. 



32 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [ Part II 

1. Defects of a proprietary board as head of province. 

2. Concessions and Agreements, 1663. 

3. Fundamental Constitutions, 1669. 

(a) Shaftesbury and John Locke. 

(6) Artificial character of Constitutions. 

4. South Carolina under the Constitutions. 

(a) Conflicts between governors and legislature. 
(6) Constitutions withdrawn. 

5. Government in North Carolina. 

(a) Disturbance and slow growth; reasons. 
{b) Government under the Constitutions, 
(c) Culpeper rebellion, 1677. 

F. New Jersey under Berkeley and Carteret. 

Secondary: Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.). 104-120; Doyle, 
Eng. Cols., IV, 290-296; Osgood, Amer. Cols., II, 169-191. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., I, no. 164; MacDonald, Select Charters, 
139-148. 

1. Concessions and Agreements, 1665. 

(a) Comparison with Carolina Concessions. 

2. Government established. 

(a) Executive officials; powers and functions. 

(b) Assembly; composition, powers, activities. 

(c) Relation between executive and legislature. 

3. Revolt against the proprietary system. 

(a) The Monmouth Purchase. 

(b) Separate government established. 

4. Berkeley and Carteret transfer rights and powers to 

Quakers. 

G. Quaker Government in America: New Jersey. 

Second.\ry: general ACCOUNTS: Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. 
(A. N. S.), 120-128; Doyle, Eng. Cols., IV, 302-324; Osgood, 
Amer. Cols., II, 191-199; Tanner, New Jersey (C. U. S., XXX, 
81-96, 113-123). 



Section II ] American colonial history 33 

SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: McKinley, SufTrage Franchise in Cols., 227- 
243; Scott, Influence of Props, in Founding N. J. (J. H. S., Ill, 
439-460). 

Sources: MacDonald, Select Charters, 174-183. 

1. Personnel and character of the proprietors. 

2. Frames of government; Quaker political ideas. 

(a) West Jersey Concessions and Agreements, 

1677. 
(6) East Jersey Fundamental Constitution, 

1681. 

3. Constitutional development. 

(a) Artificial character of the constitutions. 
(6) Tendencies toward self-government. 



H. Pennsylvania: A Quaker Experiment in Government. 

Secondary: GENERAL ACCOUNTS: Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. 

(A. N. S.), 182-201; Doyle, Eng. Cols., IV, 387-401,404-406, 

408, 411-424; Jones, Quakers in Amer., 459-474; Osgood, 

Amer. Cols., II, 252-276. 
SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: Eshleman, Struggle and Rise of Popular 

Power (Pa. Mag. Hist., Apr., 1910); Fisher, True William Penn. 

chs. XV, xxi; McKinley, SufiFrage Franchise in Cols., 273-281; 

Sharpless, Quaker Experiment in Gov't., 47-115. 
Sources: MacDonald, Select Charters, 192-205, 217-222, 224-229. 

1. Popular tendencies. 

(a) Political principles of William Penn. 

(6) Democratic character of Quakers. 

(c) Frames of Government, laws, 1682-1683. 

2. Rise of popular control. 

(a) Controversies, 1683-1692. 
(6) Royal government, 1692-1694. 
(c) Markham's Frame of Government, 1696. 
{d) Charter of Privileges, 1701; democratic 
victory. 



34 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part II 

I. Summary of Constitutional Development in Provinces. 

Osgood, Amer. Cols., II, 438-442, 

1. Proprietary constitutions. 

(a) Comparison. 
(6) Artificiality. 

2. Forms of government. 

(a) Variety. 

{!)) Official system. 

(c) Legislature, organization, powers, franchise. 

3. Comparison of provinces and corporations. 



SECTION III. LAND SYSTEMS AND LOCAL 
INSTITUTIONS 

A. The Land System in the Corporate Colonies. 

Secondary: GENERAL ACCOUNTS: Mathews, Expansion of New 
Eng., 1-75; Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, 424-466. 

SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: Andrews, Conn. River Towns (J. H. S., 
VII, 32-81); Egleston, Land System of New Eng. (J. H. S., 
IV, 550-600); Levermore, Rep. New Haven (J. H. S., ex. 
vol. I, 79-99); Maclear, Early New Eng. Towns (C. U. S., 
XXIX, 81-105). 

Maps: For the arrangement of a New England town consult the 
following maps: Andrews, at pp. 4, Gl; Maclear, at title page and 
at p. 81 (both cited above). For a comparison of an English 
manor with a New England town consult: Seebohm, Eng. Village 
Community, at title page and at pp. 2, 6, 26; Shepherd, Hist. 
Atlas, 104. 

1. Popular control of land policy. 

(a) Control of the General Court over terri- 
torial matters. 
(6) Grant of free lands to actual settlers. 

2. Group settlement. 

(a) Essential features. 



Section III ] AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 35 

(6) Territorial arrangement of township; com- 
parison with Enghsh manor. 

(c) System of common management; allotment 

of lands, etc. 

(d) Conflicts between proprietors and non- 

proprietors. 

3. Policy governing distribution of estates. 

(a) Efforts to preserve equality. 

(6) Comparison with English land laws. 

4. Expansion of New England through group 

system. 

B. The Land Systems in the Provinces. 

Secondary: GENERAL ACCOUNT: Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, 73-79, 

84-91, II, 16-55. 
ACCOUNTS OF PARTICULAR COLONIES: Bruce, Econ. Hist. Va., 

I, 487-571; Mereness, Md., 49-60, 76-95; Raper, No. Car., 

101-109; Shepherd, Pa. (C. U. S., VI, 13-76); Smith, So! 

Car. as a Royal Prov., 25-31; Tanner, New Jersey (C. U. 

S., XXX, 30-57, 97-112). 
Source: MacDonald, Select Charters, 43-50. 

1 . Feudal features. 

(a) Territorial provisions of charters. 

(b) Provinces as private estates; examples. 

2. Territorial policy of proprietors. 

(a) Conditions of plantation issued. 
(6) Reserves and manors. 

(c) Patroonships in New York. 

(d) System of headrights. 

3. Group settlements in provinces. 

(a) Failure to develop towns in South. 

(b) Groups of New England type; New York, 

northern New Jersey, Germantown, Pa. 



36 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [ Part II 

(c) Groups through individual grants; New 
Netherland; BurHngton and Salem, New 
Jersey; Philadelphia, Pa; Annapolis, 
Md.; Charleston, So. Car. 

4. Territorial revenues. 

(a) Quit rents and purchase money. 

(6) Fines on alienation; port and ferry duties. 

5. Influence of land systems. 

(a) Controversies over quit rents. 

(6) Legislative interference in territorial matters. 

(c) Growth of a landed aristocracy. 

{d) Influence of land systems on expansion. 

C. Local Institutions of Government. 

1. Local government in England. 

Channing, Town and County Gov't. (J. H. S., II, 439-453); Chey- 
ney, European Backgrounds (A. N. S.). chs. xiv, xv, xvi; Howard, 
Local Const'l. Hist., 23-49, 298-314. 

(a) County and officials. 
(6) Parish or township. 

2. Local government in New England: the town as 

the political unit. 

Andrews, Conn. River Towns (J. H. S., VII, 82-126); Adams, C. F., 
Three Episodes of Mass. Hist., II, 810 ff.; Channing, Town and 
County Gov't. (J. H. S., II, 438-474); Foster, Town Gov't, in 
Rhode Island (J. H. S., IV, 73-93); Howard, Local Const'l. 
Hist., 50-99, 319-357; Maclear, Early New Eng. Towns (C. U. S., 
XXIX, 13-80, 106-13C). 

(a) Town meeting and town oflBcers. 

(6) Relation of towns to General Court. 

(c) County: officials and functions. 

{d) Character of local self-government in New 

England and its influence in American 

history. 



Section HI] American colonial history 37 

3. Local government in Virginia: the county as the 

political unit. 

Bruce, Institutional Hist. Va., I, 484-540, 588-611; Channing, 
Town and County Gov't. (J. H. S., II, 474-489); Goodnow, 
Comp. Administrative Law, 162-169; Ingle, Va. Local Institu- 
tions (J. H. S., Ill, 141-222); Howard, Local Const'l. Hist., 
388-407; Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, 90-92. 

(a) Early forms of local government. 
(6) Creation of counties. 

(c) Administration of counties: justices of the 

peace, sheriffs, county lieutenants. 

(d) Centralized local administration. 

{e) Compare local government in Virginia, 
England, and New England. 

4. Local government in Maryland, North Carolinay 

South Carolina. 

Howard, Local Const'l. Hist., 127-134, 272-286, 404-405; Johnson, 
Old Md. Manors (J. H. S., I, no. 7); Mereness, Md., 401-410; 
Osgood, Amer. Cols.. II, 281, 283-284; Wilhelm, Md. Local 
Institutions (J. H. S., Ill, 34^-433). 

(a) General comparison with Virginia institu- 
tions. 

5. Local government in the Middle Colonies, New York, 

New Jersey, Pennsylvania. 

Allison and Penrose, Philadelphia (J. H. S., ex. vol. II, 8-28); 
Doyle, Eng. Cols. IV, 27-33, 168, 424; Elting, Dutch Village 
Communities (J. H. S., IV, 5-68); Goodnow, Comp. Admin- 
istrative Law, 162-169, 193-202; Holcomb, Pa. Boroughs 
(J. H. S., IV, 135-179); Howard, Local Const'l. Hist., 102-117, 
358-387; McKinley, Eng. and Dutch Towns of New Neth. 
(Amer. Hist. Rev., VI, 1-18); Osgood, Amer. Cols., 11,281- 
283, 285. 

(a) Rise of the county system. 
(6) Towns and boroughs. 



38 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [ Part II 

(c) Cities: New York, Philadelphia, Albany. 
((/) Degree of local self-government. 
(e) Comparison with New England and southern 
colonies. 



SECTION IV. ECCLESIASTICAL RELATIONS AND 
EDUCATION 

A. Ecclesiastical Polity in New England. 

Secondary: Cobb, Religious Liberty, 133-280; Howe, Puritan 
Republic, chs. viii, x; Lauer, Church and State in New Eng. 
(J. H. S., X, 93-147); Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, 200-221. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 93, 94, 143, 144. 

1. Religions principles of Puritans and Pilgrims. 

(a) Importance of religion in the life of the 
people. 

{!)) Influence of the clergy: Wilson, Peters, the 
Mathers, Hooker, Davenport, Williams. 

(c) Puritans become separatists from English 
Church. 

{d) Comparison of Puritan and Pilgrim ecclesi- 
astical doctrines. 

2. Relations between Church and State. 

(o) Sabbath and anti-heresy laws. 
. {b) Taxation for church support; compulsory 
church attendance. 
(c) Religious qualifications for the franchise. 

3. The church and social life. 

Adams, C. F., Three Episodes Mass. Hist., II, chs. ix, x; Doyle, 
Eng. Cols., Ill, 63-77; Earle, The Puritan Sabbath; Howe, 
Puritan Republic, ch. vii; Maclear, Early New Eng. Towns 
(C. U. S. XXIX, 137-160); Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., II, 33-45; 
Prince, Conn. Blue Laws (A. H. A. R., 1898, 95-138). 



Section IV] American colonial history 39 

(a) Church: organization and government. 

(6) Social Hfe centered in the church. 

(c) Puritan Sabbath. 

{d) Regulation of manners and morals. 

B. The Intolerance of the Puritans. 

Secondary: Adams, B., Emancipation of Mass., 46-78, 104- 
178; Adams, C. F., Three Episodes Mass. Hist., I, 363-509, 
II, 533-578; Doyle, Eng. Cols., II. 113-118, 121-141, III, 
98-114; Channing, Hist. U. S., I, 356-380; Oliver, Puritan 
Commonwealth, 87-102, 161-180, 205-219; Osgood, Amer. 
Cols., I, 224-254, 269-287. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 108, 115, 140-142; Johnson, 
Wonder Working Providence (O. N. S.), 121-139; Winthrop, 
Journals (O. N. S.), I, 154, 162, 195-199, 208-212, 215-218, 
232-235, 239-265. 

1. Roger Williams; the apostle of ''soul liberty.''' 

Straus, Roger Williams, chs. i-v. 

(a) Religious ideas. 

(6) Charges against him; trial and expulsion. 

2. Ann Hutchinson and the Antinomians. 

(a) Her teachings and followers. 

(6) Charges; trial, conduct of court and clergy. 

(c) Influence of controversy on the colony. 

(d) Expulsion of the Antinomians. 

3. The Quaker invasion. 

Hallowell, Quaker Invasion of Mass., 1-31; Jones, The Quakers 
in Amer., 45-110. 

(a) Teachings of the Quakers; the "inward 

hght." 

(b) Missionary zeal. 

(c) Persecution. 

4. Attitude of Massachusetts toward other sects. 

Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, 256-269. 



40 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part II 

5. The superstitions of the Puritans. 

Secondary: Channing, Hist. U. S.. II, 456-462; Doyle, Eng. 

Cols., HI, 298-311; Notestein, Hist. Eng. Witchcraft, 254-333. 
Sources: Burr, Translations and Reprints, HI, no. 4; Hart, 

Contemp., II, nos. 16-18. 

(a) Superstitious element in Puritan life. 
(6) Witchcraft in England and the colonies. 
(c) Salem witchcraft delusion, 1691-1693. 

6. Justification and arraignment of the Puritan system. 

Adams, B., Emancipation of Mass., passim, especially 20-43; 
Adams, C. F., Mass.; Her History and Historians; Low, The 
Amer. People, I, 111-211; Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, 218-223. 

7. Religious freedom in Rhode Island. 

Secondary: Cobb, Religious Liberty, 422-440; Low, Amer. 
People, I, 354-376; Straus, Roger Williams, chs. ix, x, xii, xiii. 
Source: Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 115, 116. 

(a) The home of the persecuted: Roger Wil- 
liams, Antinomians, Quakers, Baptists. 
(h) Royal charter provides for religious liberty. 
(c) Extent to which the principle observed. 

C. Ecclesiastical Polity of the Provinces. 

1. Factors unfavorable to a church establishment. 

Osgood, Amer. Cols., II, 309-315. 

(a) Subordinate position of the religious ele- 
ment. 

(6) Belief in separation of church and state: 
Quakers and Baptists. 

(c) Variety of religious sects: geographical dis- 

tribution. 

(d) Lack of self-government. 

(e) Comparison with conditions in New Eng- 

land. 



Section IV] American colonial history 41 

2. The English Church in Virginia. 

Secondary: Bruce, Institutional Hist. Va., I, 3-28, 62-94, 116-131, 
194-276; Cobb, Religious Liberty, 74-96; Howard, Local 
Const'l. Hist., 117-124. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., I, no. 85. 

(a) Factors favorable to its establishment. 

(6) State support of the church; taxation, 
compulsory church attendance, anti- 
heresy laws, regulation of manners and 
morals. 

(c) Persecution of Puritans and Quakers. 

(d) Parish; organization and functions. 

(e) Comparison with ecclesiastical relations in 

New England. 

3. The ecclesiastical system in Maryland. 

Secondary: Browne, George and Cecil Calvert, chs. vi-viii; 
Cobb, Religious Liberty, 362-383; Dennis, Lord Baltimore's 
Struggle with Jesuits (A. H. A. R.. 1900, I, 105-125); Mereness, 
Md., 423-437. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., I, no. 84; MacDonald, Select Char- 
ters, 104-105; Nars. Early Md. (O. N. S.), 113-144. 

(a) Religious principles of Lord Baltimore. 
{b) Lord Baltimore and the Jesuits. 

(c) Toleration Act, 1649. 

(d) Conflict between Puritans and Catholics. 

(e) Anglican tendencies after 1660. 

4. Ecclesiastical relations in New Netherlands and 

New York. 

Secondary: Cobb, Religious Liberty, 301-336; Doyle, Eng. Cols., 

IV, 41-47, 112, 154-155; Osgood, Amer. Cols., II, 333-338. 
Source: Nar. Early New Neth. (O. N. S.), 387-416. 

5. Religious freedom in the Quaker colonies. 

Cobb, Religious Liberty, 399-408, 440-447; Jones, Quakers in 
Amer., xiii-xxxii, 242-250, 302-316. 372-390, 437-458; Osgood, 



42 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part II 

Amer. Cols., II, 341-344; Sharpless, Quaker Experiment in 
Gov't., 116-151. 

(a) Quaker religious principles; compare with 

Puritanism. 

(b) Extent to which rehgious Hberty observed. 

(c) Quakers in other colonies. 

D. Educational Institutions. 

1. New England. 

Boone, Education in U. S., 9-60; Channing, Hist. U. S., I, 429-436; 
Doyle, Eng. Cols., IH, 78-97; Eggleston, Transit of Civilization, 
207-219, 225-249; Maclear, Early New Eng. Towns (C. U. S., 
XXIX, 161-180); Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., II, 45-49. 

(a) Puritan system and education. 
(6) Harvard College founded; relation to church 
and colony. 

(c) Common schools established. 

(d) Literature and libraries. 

2. Virginia. 

Bruce, Institutional Hist. Va., I, 293-450. 

(a) Conditions unfavorable to education; com- 
parison with New England. 

(6) Private schools; tutors. 

(c) Early efforts to found a college; failure. 

{d) William and Mary College founded, 1691; 
work of James Blair. 

(e) Literature and libraries. 

SECTION V. INDIAN RELATIONS AND 
INTERCOLONIAL UNION 
A. The Native Races. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), II, chs. v, viii; Far- 
rand, Basis of Amer. Hist. (A. N. S.), 148-175; Fiske, Dis. of 
Amer., I, 1-76; Winsor, Amer., I, 283-316. 



Section V] AMERICAN colonial history 43 

Maps: Showing distribution of Indians, Farrand, at pp. 91, 154; 
Avery, Hist. U. S., I, 356, II, 123. 

1. Theories as to origin. 

2. Classification, numbers, distribution. 

(a) In New England. 
(6) South of the Hudson. 

B. Relations of European Settlers with Indians. 

Secondary: Bruce, Institutional Hist. Va., II, 71-122; Doyle, 
Eng. Cols., Ill, 53-60, 153-189; Jones, R. M., Quakers in Amer., 
Index under Indians; Mathews, Expansion of New Eng., 23-25, 
43-64; Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, 527-576, II, 403-419, III, 258-265, 
368-376; Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., II, 187-198, 336-343; Sharp- 
less, Quaker Experiment in Gov't., 152-182. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 86, 91, 92, 123, 127, 133, 152, 162. 

Maps: Mathews, Expansion New Eng., maps at pp. 56, 57 show the 
effect of Indian war on settlement in New England. 

1. Attitude of settlers toward the natives. 

(a) French and Spanish attitude. 
(6) Attitude of the English, 
(c) Policy of Roger Williams, William Penn 
and the Quakers. 

2. Regulation of relations of settlers with hidians. 

(a) Trade. 

(6) Indian claims to the land, 
(c) Indian protectorates. 

{d) Indian missions; Eliot in New England, 
Jesuits in Maryland. 

3. Indian Wars. 

(a) Early troubles of colonists with Indians. 
(6) Important Indian Wars, 1675-1677; King 
Philip's War, Bacon's Rebellion, etc. 

4. Effect of Indian relations on colonists. 

(a) On the expansion of settlement. 



44 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part II 

(b) On questions of defence. 

(c) On government and society. 



C. Systems of Defence. 

Bruce, Institutional Hist. Va., II, 3-70; Mereness, Md., ch. iv; 
Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, 496-526, II, 375-399. 

1. General conditions affecting defence. 

(a) Indian hostilities. 

(b) Proximity of other European settlers. 

(c) Importance of problem in border colonies. 

(d) Question in the Quaker colonies. 

2. Systems of defence, 

(a) Frontier posts. 

(6) Militia; organization and control. 

(c) Fortifications. 

{d) English troops. 

D. The New England Confederation, 1643-1684. 

Secondary: Doyle, Eng. Cols., II, 220-236, 284-302; Fiske, New 
Eng., ch. iv; Frothingham, Rise of Republic, 36-44; Osgood, 
Amer. Cols., I, 392-422; Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., I, 623-633, 
II, 240-251, 320-327, III, 71-80. 

Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflets, no. 7; Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 129, 
131; MacDonald, Select Charters, 94-100; Old So. Leaflets, 
no. 168; Winthrop, Journals (O. N. S.), I, 231-232, 287-290, 
301, II, 98-105, 141-142, 254, 349. 

1. Elements favorable to a union. 

2. Formation and character of the confederation. 

3. Work of the Confederacy. 

(a) External relations. 

ib) Indian affairs. 

(c) Interest in schools and religion. 

{d) Confederacy during King Philip's War. 



Section V] AMERICAN colonial history 45 

4. Decline of confederation; causes. 

5. Its significance in American history. 

E. Relations among the Provinces. 

Osgood, Amer. Cols., II, 420-432, III, 91-96, 361-363. 

1. Factors unfavorable to union. 

(a) Distance and difficulties of communication. 
(6) Lack of geographic unity. 

(c) Lack of common culture and ethnic homo- 

geneity. 

(d) Comparison with New England conditions. 

2. Disputes between the provinces. 

(a) Boundary dispute between Pennsylvania 

and Maryland. 
(6) Quarrels between Maryland and Virginia. 
(c) Controversy betw^een Pennsylvania and New 

York over northern boundary and Indian 

affairs. 

3. Indian relations as a consolidating factor, 

(a) Joint conferences at Albany. 



Part Three 

THE BRITISH COLONIAL SYSTEM 
1606-1689 



SECTION I. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE BRITISH 
COLONIAL POLICY, 1606-1660 

A. A Neglected Point of View. 

Andrews, Amer. Col. Hist. (A. H. A. R., 1898, 47-60); MacDonald, 
The Cols, as Dependencies of Great Britain (A. H. A. R., 1902, 
I, 169-178); Osgood, Study of Amer. Col. Hist. (A. H. A. R., 
1898, 61-73); Osgood, Amer. Cols., I, xxvi-xxvii. 

1. Importance of the imperial point of view. 

2. Reasons why neglected or slighted. 

B. The Essential Problems of Colonial Empire. 

Beer, Origins of Brit. Col. System, 295-307; Cheyney, European 
Backgrounds (A. N. S.), 147-167; Lewis, Gov't, of Deps., 178- 
185; Keller, Colonization, 1-20; Mereness, Md., 1-6, 10; 
Osgood, Amer. Cols., HI, 3-12, 23-24, 507-515. 

1. British theories of empire. 

(a) Creation of a self-sufficient economic do- 

minion. 

(b) Forces which provoked the principles. 

(c) Essential features of the policy. 

2. Instruments of colonial and commercial expansion. 

(See pp. 10, 12.) 



Section I] American colonial history 47 

(a) Two agencies: trading corporation and 

proprietorship. 

(b) Powers and privileges of patentees. 

(c) Relations to the central government. 
3. Obstacles to imperial unity. 

(a) Distance and difficulties of communication. 
(6) Social barriers: separatist tendencies in 
colonial life. 

(c) Economic differences. 

(d) Charters as institutional barriers. 

(e) Lack of political unity in English state. 

C. The Colonies under the Early Stuarts, 1606-1640. 

1. Organs of imperial control. 

Andrews, British Committees, etc. (J. H. S., XXVI, 9-23); Beer, 
Origins of Brit. Col. System, 295-317; Osgood, Amer. Cols., Ill, 
12-22; Snow, Administration of Dependencies, 49-69. 

(a) Crown denies Parliament right to legislate 

for colonies. 
(6) Basis of the exclusive control of Crown over 

colonies. 
(c) Committees and councils for trade and 

plantations. ^ 

2. Initial efforts to regulate colonial trade. 

Beer, Origins Brit. Col. System, 117-240; Osgood, Amer. Cols., 
Ill, 197-204. 

(a) Tobacco industry. 
(6) Colonial export trade. 
(c) Navigation. 

3. Dissolution of the London Company, 1621^. (See 

p. 14.) 



48 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part III 

Secondary: Beer, Origins Brit. Col. System, 304-307; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., I, 218-224; Doyle, Eng. Cols., I, 170-184; Egerton, 
Brit. Col. Pol., 23-38; Osgood, Amer. Cols., III. 25-51. 

Sources: Hart, Con temp., I, nos. 66, 67; Nars. Early Va. (0. N. S.), 
419-455. 

(a) Basis of royal hostility to the company. 

(6) Factional strife within the company. 

(c) Process by which the charter was annulled. 

4. Royal government in Virginia, 1625-164-1. 

Beer, Origins Brit. Col. System, 307-312, 318-323; Channing, Hist. 
U. S., I, 224-236; Doyle, Eng. Cols., I, 188-189, 197-201, 206-209; 
Greene, Provincial Governor, 23-24, 32-35; Osgood, Amer. Cols., 
Ill, 72-102. 

(a) Effect of overthrow of company on colony. 

{h) Royal commission of 1625; policy of cen- 
tralization. 

(c) Character of royal government; instructions 
to governors Harvey, Wyatt, Berkeley. 

{d) Relations of governors to the council and 
assembly. 

5. The Crown and Massachusetts Bay Company. 

Secondary: Beer, Origins Brit. Col. System, 323-331; Doyle, 

Eng. Cols., II, 118-121, 144-148; Egerton, Brit. Col. Pol., 51-54; 

Osgood, Amer. Cols., Ill, 54-70; Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., I, 

391-406. 
Sources: Hart, Contemp., I, nos. 109, 128; Winthrop, Journals 

(O. N. S.), I, 99-101, 135, 145, 274-275. 

(a) Corporation and colony identified; effect 

on royal control. 

(b) Complaints against the company. 

(c) Laud Commission, 1634, and the Puritan 

Exodus. 

(d) Attacks on the charter. 

{e) Defiant attitude of the company. 



Section I] AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 49 

D. Decentralization during Civil War, 1641-1649. 

Andrews, Brit. Corns., etc. (J. H. S., XXVI, 24-30); Andrews, Col. 
Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 232-242; Beer, Origins Brit. Col. System, 
340-359; Chalmers, Introduction to Revolt of Cols., I, 71-82; 
Egerton, Brit. Col. Pol., 57-64; Fiske, Old Va., etc., I, 306-318; 
Osgood, Amer. Cols., Ill, 105-114; Steiner, Civil War in Md. 
(J. H. S., XXV, 198-268). 

1. Parliamentary council for the colonies. 

(a) Personnel. 

(6) Powers and activities. 

2. Attitude of colonies toward Parliament. 

(a) Friendly attitude of Puritans. 

(6) Hostility of Virginia and West Indies. 

(c) Civil War in Maryland. 

E. The Empire under Cromwell, 1649-1660. 

Secondary: Beer, Brit. Col. System, 360-424; Beer, Cromwell's 
Col. Pol. (Pol. Science Quar., XVI, 582-611, XVII, 46-70); 
Channing, Hist. U. S., I, 485-507; Doyle, Eng. Cols., I, 212-228, 
, 302-312; Egerton, Brit. Col. Pol., 64-66; Osgood, Amer. Cols., 
Ill, 114-142, 204-206; Strong, Forgotten Danger to New Eng. 
Cols. (A. H. A. R., 1898, 77-94). 
Sources: Hart, Contemp., I, no. 69; MacDonald, Select Charters, 
106-110. 

1. Reorganization of the colonies. 

(a) Establishment of executive in England; 

effect on colonies. 

(b) Colonial councils under Cromwell. 

(c) Action against defiant colonies; act of 1650. 
{d) The royal commission in Virginia; per- 
sonnel, power, work. 

(e) The royal commission in Maryland. 

2. Constructive features of Cromwell's colonial 

policy. 



50 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part III 

(a) Navigation act of 1651 and commercial 

rivalry with the Dutch. 

(b) War with Holland and Spain; results. 

(c) Influence of merchants on colonial policy. 
{d) The West Indies; their importance, and 

schemes of colonization. 



SECTION II. COLONIAL POLICY OF THE 
RESTORATION, 1660-1689 

A. General Character of the Period. 

Andrews, Brit. Corns., etc. (J. H. S., XXVI, 67-68); Channing, 
Hist. U. S., II, 1-7; Hunt, Pol. Hist. Eng., VIII, 209-238; 
Osgood, Amer. Cols., Ill, 143-147; Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., II, 
421-447; Trevelyan, Eng. under Stuarts, 350-382. 

1. Revival of colonial interest; comparison with Eliza- 

bethan age. . 

2. Classes interested in the colonial movement; states- 

men. Clarendon, Shaftesbury, Duke of York, 
Berkeley, Carteret; merchants, Noell, Povey. 

3. Centralizing tendencies in England and in colonies. 

B. The Colonial PoUcy Formulated: Acts of Trade and 

Navigation. 

Secondart: Andrews, Col. Period, 107-127; Andrews, Col. Self 
Gov't. (A. N. S.), 4-21, 31-36; Beer, Eng. Commercial Pol, 
(C. U. S., Ill, 9-42); Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 7-13, 27-28; 
Channing, Navigation Acts (Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc, 1889); 
Egerton, Brit. Col. Pol., 67-74; Cunningham, Growth of Eng. 
Industry and Commerce (Mod. Times), II, 101-156; Osgood, 
Amer. Cols., Ill, 200-217; Schmoller, Mercantile System (Ashley 
Econ. Classics). 

Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflets, no. 19; Child, Sir J., Discourse on 
Trade; MacDonald, Select Charters, 110-116, 119-120, 133-136, 
168-171; Mun, Thos., Eng. Treasure by Forraign Trade (Ashley 
Econ. Classics). , 



Section II] American colonial history 51 

1. Analysis of the commercial laws of the Empire. 

(a) Regulation of navigation; development of 
sea power. 

(6) England as the staple of colonial export and 
import trade; creation of a self-sufficient 
economic empire. 

(c) Historical precedents for the principles. 

{d) Literature on the economic theories of colo- 
nization; Josiah Childs, Thomas Mun. 

2. Machinery of administration. 

(a) Duties of the governors. 

(6) Courts to prosecute breaches of the laws. 

(c) Anomalous position of the charters. 

C. Colonial and Commercial Expansion. 

Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 74-84, 101-109, 129-139, 
165-175; Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 13-17, 31-38; Osgood, Amer. 
Cols., Ill, 143-149. 

1. Trading corporations. 

(a) Hudson's Bay Company in Canada, 1^70. 
(6) Royal African Company, 1662, 1672. 

2. The foundation of new colonies. 

(a) Carolinas: Clarendon, Shaftesbury. (See 

p. 21.) 
(6) Pennsylvania and Delaware, 1681-1685. 

(See p. 22.) 

3. Conquest of New Netherlands, 166J^. (See p. 20.) 

(a) First Dutch War of the Restoration : causes. 
(6) New York granted to the Duke of York. 
• (c) New Jersey sub-granted to Berkeley and 
Carteret. 
{d) Second Dutch War of the Restoration. 



52 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part III 

D. Organs of Imperial Control. 

Andrews, Brit. Corns., etc. (J. H. S., XXVI, 61-112); Andrews, Col. 
Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 22-31; Egerton, Brit. Col. Pol., 74-75; 
Osgood, Amer. Cols., Ill, 149-156, 280-283. 

1. Extent of parliamentary authority over the colonies. 

2. Predominance of royal control: force of royal 

orders. 

3. Select councils for trade and plantations, 1660- 

167 Jf; personnel and powers. 

4. The Lords of Trade and Plantations, 1675-1689. 

E. Administration of the Southern Colonies: Virginia and 

England, 1660-1689. 

Secondary: Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 202-231; Chal- 
mers, Introduction to Revolt of Cols., I, 97-102, 156-170; Chan- 
ning. Hist. U. S., II, 79-91; Doyle, Eng. Cols., I, 230-265; Fiske, 
Old Va., etc., II, 45-155; Mereness, Md., 460-463; Osgood, 
Amer. Cols., Ill, 217-218, 223-228, 242-308. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., I, no. 71. 

1. Close relations between Virginia and England. 

(a) In religion and political institutions. 
(6) In commerce. 

2. Royal government under Sir William Berkeley, 

1660-1675. 

(a) Powers of royal governor and council. 

(b) Development of an official aristocracy. 

(c) Relations between executive and legislature. 

3. Discontent in Virginia. 

(a) Enforcement of the acts of trade: attitude 

of Berkeley. 

(b) Economic distress : tobacco crop and prices. 

(c) Land grants to royal favorites: Arlington 

and Culpeper. 

(d) Indian troubles. 



Section II] AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 53 

4. Bacon s Rebellion and the Royal Commission, 

1675-1677. 
(a) Basis of popular discontent. 
(6) The rise of the people under Bacon: his 

character, 
(c) Conflict between Baconians and Berkeleians. 
{d) The royal commission: adjustment of 

troubles. 

5. Administrations of Lords Culpeper and Howard of 

Effingham, 1681-1689. 

(a) Character of the governors. 

(6) Culpeper and the tobacco riots. 

(c) Howard and the quarrels with the legisla- 
ture. 

6. Disturbance in North Carolina. 

(a) Illegal trade: character and extent. 
(6) Efforts to enforce the acts of trade: 
Culpeper 's Rebellion, 1677. 

7. Conflicts between royal and proprietary officials in 

Maryland. 

F. Administration of the Northern Colonies: Massachusetts 
and England, 1660-1685. 

Secondary: Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 69-73; Chalmers, 
Introduction to Revolt of Cols., I, 103-115; Channing, Hist. U. S., 

II, 67-76; Doyle, Eng. Cols., Ill, 134-152; Osgood, Amer. Cols., 

III, 156-191; Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., II, 494-528, 578-632. 
Source: Hart, Contemp., I, no. 132. 

1. Lack of unity between northern colonies and England. 

(a) Puritanism as a social barrier. 

(b) Charters as institutional barriers. 

(c) New England as an economic competitor. 

(d) Comparison with Virginia. 



54 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part III 

2. The Royal Commission, 166^. 

(a) Charges against Massachusetts : Mason and 

Gorges. 
{h) Attitude of Massachusetts to royal orders, 

1661, 1662. 
(c) Royal commission, 1664; personnel and 

power. 
{d) Work of the commission in Connecticut 

and Rhode Island. 
{e) Massachusetts defies the commission. 
(/) Report of the commission : proposals offered 

to Crown. 

3. Dissolution of the Massachusetts Bay Company, 

1684. 

Secondary: Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 252-267; Chan- 
ning, Hist. U. S., II, 155-164; Chalmers, Introduction to Revolt 
of Cols., I, 128-135; Doyle, Eng. Cols., Ill, 190-210, 212-225; 
Kimball, Joseph Dudley, 1-38; Kellogg, Amer. Col. Charter 
(A. H. A. R., 1903, I, 201-204); Osgood, Amer. Cols., Ill, 218- 
220, 228-237, 309-333; Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., Ill, 241-397. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., I, no. 135. 

(a) Illegal trade: experiences of Edward Ran- 
dolph; his character. 

(&) Territorial aggressions: charges of Mason 
and Gorges. 

(c) Evasive conduct toward royal authority: 
the colonial agents. 

{d) Judicial proceedings against the charter: 
company dissolved, 1684. 

(e) Provisional government under Joseph 
Dudley, 1685. 

4. Royal government established in New Hampshire, 

1679. 



Section II] American colonial history 55 

Belknap, New Hampshire, I, 164-188; Chalmers, Introduction to 
Revolt of Cols., I, 136-142; Doyle, Eng. Cols., Ill, 210-212, 
226-229; Fry, New Hampshire (C. U. S., XXIX, 66-77, 209-220); 
Osgood, Amer. Cols., Ill, 336-357; Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., 
Ill, 403-420. 

(a) Claims of Massachusetts to New Hampshire 

denied, 1677. 
(6) Provisional government, 1679. 
(c) Administration of Edward Cranfield, 1682- 

1685. 

G. Centralization of Colonial Administration, 1685-1689. 

Secondary: Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 267-272; Chal- 
mers, Introduction to Revolt of Cols., I, 177-182; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., II, 164-187; Doyle, Eng. Cols., Ill, 230-262, IV, 
183-190; Kimball, Joseph Dudley, 39-56; Osgood, Amer. Cols., 
Ill, 358-362, 378-413; Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., Ill, 513-569. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., I, no. 122. 

1. Growth of royal power in England. 

(a) Arbitrary government of later Stuarts. 
(6) Attacks on the charters in England. 

2. Policy of centralization in America. 

(a) Two-fold policy; vacation of charters and 

consolidation of colonies; justification. 

(b) Comparison with the French and Spanish 

colonial systems. 

3. The Dominion of New England. 

(a) The royal commission to Governor Dongan 
of New York; compare with commission 
to Culpeper and Cranfield. 

(6) Action against the charters of Rhode Island 
and Connecticut; voluntary submission. 

(c) Seven colonies united under absolute control 

of Governor-general Andros. 



56 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part III 

(d) Difficulties of the problem. 
{e) Growth of colonial opposition. 

H. The Revolution of 1688-1689. 

1. In England, 

Chalmers, Introduction to Revolt of Cols., I, 199-213; Hunt, Pol. 
Hist. Eng., VIII, 289-313; Trevelyan, Eng. under the Stuarts, 
446-463. 

(a) Opposition to James II; religious and 

political. 
(6) Abdication of James II. 
(c) Convention Parliament; William and Mary. 
{d) Influence of Revolution on colonies. 

2. In New England. 

Secondary: Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 273-279; Chan- 
ning. Hist. U. S., II, 189-203; Doyle, Eng. Cols., Ill, 262-272; 
Osgood, Amer. Cols., Ill, 415-423; Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., 
Ill, 570-598. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., I, no. 136. 

(a) Overthrow of Andros regime and resumption 
of charter government in Massachusetts. 

(6) Charter government resumed legally in 
Rhode Island and Connecticut. 

3. Leislerian revolt in New York. 

Secondary: Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 283-287; Chan- 
ning. Hist. U. S., II, 203-209; Doyle, Eng. Cols., IV, 190-213; 
Osgood, Amer. Cols., Ill, 444-470. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., I, no. 157. 

(a) Causes of popular discontent. 

(b) The administration of Leisler. 

4. Revolution in Maryland. (See p. 31.) 

Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 279-283; Channing, Hist. 
U. S., II. 209-213; Doyle, Eng. Cols., I, 314-327; Mereness, 



Section II] AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 57 

Md., 32-41; Osgood, Amer. Cols., HL 477-500; Sparks, Rev. 
in Md. (J. H. S., XIV, 500-557). 

(a) Popular opposition to narrow proprietary 

system. 
(&) The religious element, 
(c) Proprietary government overthrown. 



Part Four 
PROVINCIAL AMERICA, 1690-1748 



SECTION I. EXTENSION OF IMPERIAL CONTROL 
1690-1714 

A. Revival of British Imperial Sentiment. 

Andrews, Col. Period, 128-154; Chalmers, Introduction to Revolt 
of Cols., I, 217-226; tlianning. Hist. U. S., II 217-226; Cun- 
ningham, Eng. Ind. and Com., II (Mod. Times), 263-272; Eger- 
ton, Brit. Col. Pol., 114-116; Greene, Prov. Amer., 3-16, 30-33. 

1. Growing influence of mercantile interests. 

2. Beginning of international wars for colonial 

supremacy. 

3. Trade and defence demand imperial centralization. 

B. Provincial Reorganization. 

Chalmers, Introduction to Revolt of Cols., I, 242-260; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., II, 226-230, 296-306; Doyle, Eng. Cols., Ill, 288-294, 
IV, 213-223; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), eh. ii; Mereness, 
Md., 41-45; Osgood, Amer. Cols., Ill, 424-440, 470-476, 501- 
506; Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., IV, 61-89. 

1. Royal government established in Maryland. 

(a) Hostility to proprietary government in 

England, reasons. 
{h) Opinion of Holt, C. J. ; power of Crown over 

charters, 
(f) Royal governor appointed, 1691. 

2. The Massachusetts charter, 1691. 

(a) Restoration of the old charter denied. 



Section I] AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 59 

(6) The new charter; a compromise. 

(c) Maine and Plymouth incorporated in Massa- 
chusetts. 
3. New York. 

(a) Opposition of Leisler party to royal agents. 

(6) Governor Sloughter and downfall of Leisler 
party. 

C. The Colonial System Reconstructed. 

Secondary: Chalmers, Introduction to Revolt of Cols., I, 268-280; 
Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 230-239, 251-268, 272-279; Egerton, 
Brit. Col. Pol., 116-117; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 33-36, 
43-49; Keith, Eng. and Scot., 1603-1707, 111-140, 163-183; 
Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 5-9, 14-19; Scott, Eng. Joint 
Stock Cos., II, 207-216. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., II, 127-131; MacDonald, Select 
Charters, 212-217. 

1. The commercial system not enforced. 

(a) Prevalence of illegal trade and piracy. 

(6) Scotch interlopers. 

(c) Complaints of the English merchants. 

2. The navigation act of 1696. 

(a) Influence of the merchants in Parliament. 

(6) Vice-admiralty courts established. 

(c) Customs service reorganized. 

(d) Governors of chartered colonies put under 

royal control. 

3. The Board of Trade and Plantations, 1696. 

Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 17-31; Fox-Bourne, Life of John 
Locke, III, 348 ff.; Kellogg, Amer. Col. Charter (A. H. A. R., 
1903, I, 278-310). 

(a) Attempts to create a parliamentary colonial 
council. 



60 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part IV 

(b) Council created by royal commission. 

(c) Composition and functions. 

{d) Activities and policies, 1696-1714. 

D. Parliamentary Attacks on the Colonial Charters. 

Chalmers, Introduction to Revolt of Cols., I, 303-324; Dickerson, 
Amer. Col. Gov't., 209-214; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.). 
57-62; Kellogg, Amer. Col. Charter (A. H. A. R., 1903, I, 278- 
310); Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 340-350. 360-361. 

1. Factors which provoked the policy. 

(a) Charters as barriers to imperial control. 
(6) Charges against the chartered colonies. 

2. The bills in Parliament, 1701-1715. 

(a) Policy shaped and urged by the Board of 
Trade and colonial officials; Edward 
Randolph. 

(6) History of the various attempts. 

(c) Failure of the measures; reasons. 



E. Colonial Attacks on the Charters. 

Secondary: GENERAL ACCOUNTS: Chalmers, Introduction to 
Revolt of Cols., I, 292-299, 379-385; Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 
341-354; Doyle, Eng. Cols., IV, 338-350; Kellogg. Amer. 
Col. Charter (A. H. A. R., 1903, I, 234-250, 310-318). 

SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: McCrady, So. Car. under Prop. Gov't., 624- 
680; Raper, No. Car., 25-26; Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 
350-372; Shepherd, Pa. (C. U. S., VII, 540-544); Smith, So. 
Car. as a Royal Prov., 11-14; Tanner, New Jersey (C. U. S., 
XXX, 135-138). 

Source: Hart, Contemp., II, 133-137. 

1. Colonial forces operating against the charters. 
(a) Inefficient or arbitrary government. 
(6) Influence of the English Church in the col- 



Section II] American colonial history 61 

2. The overthrow of the Maryland charter, 1689. 

(See pp. 31, 56.) 

3. New Jersey becomes a royal province, 1702, 

(a) Difficulties of the proprietors. 
(6) Terms of surrender. 

4. Pennsylvania, royal or proprietary? 

(a) Penn's difficulties. 

(6) Negotiations, 1703-1712; failure. 

5. Royal government in South Carolina. 

(a) Discontent of the colonists with proprietary 
rule. 

(6) Revolution, 1719; royal government estab- 
lished. 

6. Attacks continued. 

(a) Report of the Board of Trade, 1721; 

Dummer's Defence. 
(6) Rhode Island and Connecticut refuse to 

surrender their charters, 1723. 
(c) Surrender of the Carolina charter, 1729. 

7. Results of the pressure against the charters. 

(a) Royal province predominates. 

{b) Four chartered colonies; restoration of the 

Maryland charter, 1715. 
(c) Significance of royal control. 



SECTION II. THE GROWTH OF THE IMPERIAL 
CONSTITUTION, 1690-1748 

A. The Organs of Imperial Control. 
1. Parliamejit and the colonies. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), II, 70-85; Osgood, 
Amer. Cols., Ill, 8-14, 512-514; Osgood, Eng. and the Cols. 



62 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part IV 

(Pol. Science Quar., II, 440-469); Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. 
Gov., 33-44. 
Source: Chalmers, Opinions (ed. 1858), 208-232. 

(a) Effect of the Revolution of 1689 on the 

position of Parhament and King. 

(b) How far Enghsh statutes in force in the 

colonies. 

(c) Parliamentary legislation for the colonies; 

typical acts. 

2. Crown and the colonies. 

Secondary: Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 223-227; Greene, Prov. 
gov., 17-20; Osgood, Amer. Cols., Ill, 15-21; Raper, No. Car., 

222. 
Source: Chalmers, Opinions (ed. 1858), 64-67. 

(a) Limitations on the prerogative in Eng- 
land. 

(6) Force of the prerogative in the colonies. 

(c) Examples of royal power; suspension of 
charters, the commission to the royal 
governor, the royal disallowance, etc. 

3. Organs of executive control. 

Anson, Law and Custom of the Const. (3d ed.), II, pt. i, 160-164, 
175-179; Cheyney, European Backgrounds (A. N. S.), 240-249; 
Kellogg, Amer. Col. Charter (A. H. A. R., 1903, I, 207-209, 
225-227); Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 11-14; Todd, Par- 
liamentary Gov't. (2d ed.), 523, 606-612. 

(a) Privy Council; composition and functions. 
(6) Secretary of State; powers and authority. 

(c) Lords of the Treasury; the Commissioners 

of the Customs. 

(d) Lords of the Admiralty. 

(e) Crown lawyers. 



Section 11] American colonial history 63 

4. Board of Trade and Plantations. (See p. 59.) 

Clark, Board of Trade at Work (Amer. Hist. Rev., XVII, 17-43); 
Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 230-238; Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 
17-133; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 43-49, 166-172; Kellogg, 
Amer. Col. Charter (A. H. A. R., 1903, I, 210-225) ; Root, Rels. 
Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 14-29. 

(a) Organization, personnel, functions. 

(6) Relations to the Privy Council, Secretary 

of State, Parliament, 
(c) Various periods of activity. 

B. The Provincial Constitutions. 

Secondary: GENERAL ACCOUNTS: Andrews, Col. Period, 157- 
185; Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), II, 238-266; Chalmers, 
Introduction to Revolt of Cols., II, 3-81, 111-168, 189-248; 
Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 282-310, 319-339; Doyle, Eng. Cols., 
V, 77-81, 83-100, 138-145; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 63-82, 
194-200; Greene, Prov. Gov., 46-132, 145-202; Palfrey. Hist. 
New Eng., IV, 245-255, 288-297, 379-405, 497-529. 

ACCOUNTS OF PARTICULAR COLONIES: Fisher, New Jersey (C. 
U. S., XLI, 101-160); Fry, New Hampshire (C. U. S., XXIX, 
06-208); Kimball, Jos. Dudley, 76-99; Mereness, Md., 154-163, 
171-193, 200-227, 339-393; Raper, No. Car., 27-37, 71-78, 85- 
100, 186-220; Smith, So. Car. as a Royal Prov., 73-115, passim; 
Spencer, Const'l. Conflicts in Mass.; Spencer, Phases of Royal 
Gov't, in N. Y.; Tanner, New Jersey (C. U. S., XXX, 148-231, 
280-457). 

Sources: For a copy of the royal commission and instructions see 
Greene, Prov. Gov't., 226-260; Hart, Con temp., II, no. 55; Kim- 
ball, Jos. Dudley, 211-218. For the royal charters see Mac- 
Donald, Select Charters; Poore, Charters and Consts.; Thorpe, 
Charters and Consts. See, also. Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 61-66. 

1. The constitution of the ^provinces. 

(a) Proprietary charters; Pennsylvania and 

Maryland. 

(b) Royal commission and instructions. 



64 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part IV 

(c) Massachusetts charter, 1691; a compromise. 

(See pp. 58-59.) 

(d) Charters and commissions as fundamental 

laws. 

2. The elements of the constitutional conflicts. 

(a) General position of the prerogative and 

popular bodies. 
(6) Antagonism of interests and ideals, 
(c) Colonial claims to the rights and privileges 

of Englishmen. Colonial Bills of Rights; 

Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges, 1701. 

3. Rise of the assemblies to power. 

(a) Struggles for legislative independence; 

speakership, biennial and triennial acts, 

freedom of elections, qualification of 

members, etc. 
(6) Financial controversies; salary and fee 

question, initiation and amendment of 

money bills. 
(c) Legislative encroachment on the executive 

powers; administration of the finances 

and the militia. 

4. Factors which aided growth of popular power. 

Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 133-192; Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. 
Gov't., 382-386; Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 54, 56-60. 

(a) Distance and difficulties of communication 
between colonies and England. 

(6) Lack of vigorous imperial control. 

(c) Weakness of the governors' position. 

id) Lack of a fixed civil list; proposals to tax 
colonists. 



Section II] AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 65 

C. Provincial Leaders and Parties. 

1. Some provincial leaders. 

Fisher, New Jersey (C.U. S., XLI, 25-46); Greene. Prov. Amer. (A. 
N. S.). 208-227; Kimball, Jos. Dudley; Mereness, Md., 163- 
170; McCrady, So. Car., 1719-1776, 20-24, 250; Raper, No. 
Car., 38-70; Tanner, New Jersey (C. U. S., XXX, 138-146). 

(a) Popular leaders. 

(6) Royal governors; Englishmen. 

(c) Royal governors; colonists. 

2. The extent of popular control. 

Ambler, Sectionalism in Va., ch. i; Becker, Party Machinery in 
N. Y. (Amer. Hist. Rev., VI, 260-275, VII, 56-76); Becker, 
Pol. Parties in N. Y., ch. i (Univ. Wis. Bulletin); Lincoln, Rev. 
Movement in Pa., ch. iii; McKinley, Suffrage Franchise in Cols., 
473-488; Miller, QualiBcations for Office (A. H. A. R., 1899, I, 
89-105); Schaper, Sectionalism in So. Car. (A. H. A. R., 1900, 
I, 338-353). 

(a) Limitations on the suffrage franchise. 

(6) Qualifications for office. 

(c) Inequalities of representation. 

(d) Development of a political aristocracy. 

(e) Political parties and methods. 

D. The Judicial System. 

Secondary: Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 240-248); Fry, 
New Hampshire (C. U. S., XXIX, 421-470); Greene, Prov! 
Gov., 133-145; Lewis, Gov't, of Deps., 186-204; McCrady, 
So. Car., 1719-1776, ch. xxiv; Mereness, Md., 233-276; Raper, 
No. Car., 148-167; Shepherd, Pa. (C. U. S., VI, 370-400); 
Smith, So. Car. as a Royal Prov., 118-157; Washburn, Jud, 
Hist. Mass., 151 ff. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 69-71, 74. 

1. The judiciary. 

(a) Governor and council; powers, appellate 
jurisdiction. 



66 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part IV 

(b) Legislature; contest for control of judiciary. 

(c) Judicial functions of legislature in Connect- 

icut and Rhode Island. 
{d) Provincial or supreme courts. 
(e) Local courts. 

2. The extension of English common and statute law 

to colonies. 

Secondary: Essays in Anglo-Amer. Legal Hist., I, 367-430; Car- 
penter, Habeas Corpus in the Cols. (Amer. Hist. Rev., VIII, 18); 
Reinsch, Eng. Common Law in Cols. (Univ. Wis. Bulletin); 
Sioussatt, Eng. Statutes in Md. (J. H. S., XXI). 

Source: Chalmers, Opmions (ed. 1858), 20G-232. 

(a) How far applicable; opinions of Richard 

West, 1720. 
(6) Struggle in Maryland. 
(c) Habeas Corpus in the colonies. 

3. Opposition to special courts. 

(a) Attacks on chancery courts. 

(6) Attacks on vice-admiralty courts. 

Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 158-179. 

4. Peculiar laws and punishmetits. 

Earle, Curious Punishments of By -gone Days; Ames, Peculiar Laws 
and Customs of Col. Days. 

(a) Paternalistic character. 

(6) Sumptuary laws. 

(c) Punishment and treatment of criminals. 

{d) Late survivals of certain punishments. 

5. The bench and bar. 

Warren, Bench and Bar in Cols. 

(a) Character of English judicial appointees. 
{b) Some colonial lawyers. 
(c) Law books. 



Section II] AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 67 

E. The Privy Council as the Supreme Court of the Empire. 

1. The royal disallowance. 

Secondary: Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 240-245; Dickerson, Amer. 

Col. Gov't., 225-274; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 49-55; 

Lewis, Gov't, of Deps., 246-252; Lingley, Va. (C. U. S., XXXVI, 

23 ff.); Root, Rels. Pa with Brit. Gov't., 128-180. 
Sources: Chalmers, Opinions (ed. 1858), 332-350; Hart, Contemp., 

II, nos. 67, 73. 

(o) Nature and extent of power. 
(6) Provisions of royal commission; of charters 
of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. 

(c) Lack of provisions in other charters; sig- 

nificance. 

(d) Procedure and treatment of laws. 

(e) Reasons for disallowing laws. 

(/) Basis of colonial opposition; methods of 
evasion. 

2. Appeals. 

Andrews, Conn. Intestacy Law (Yale Rev., Ill, 261-294) ; Essays 
in Anglo-Amer. Legal Hist., I, 421-462; Davis, Frost vs. Leighton 
(Amer. Hist. Rev., II, 229); Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 274- 
281; Hazeltine, Appeals to Privy Council (A. H. A. R., 1894, 
310-322); Kellogg, Amer. Col. Charter (A. H. A. R., 1903, I, 
267-277); Thayer, Cases on Const'l. Law, I, 34-40. 

(a) Origin and nature of power. 

(6) Regulation of appeals and procedure. 

(c) Typical cases; Winthrop vs. Lechmere, 

Philips vs. Savage, Clark vs. Tousey, 
Frost vs. Leighton. 

(d) Basis of colonial opposition. 

3. Complaints. 

Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 281-283. 



C8 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part IV 

F. The Colonial Agency. 

Secondary: GENERAL ACCOUNT: Tanner, Colonial Agency (Pol. 

Science Quar., XVI, 24-49). 
SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 95-100); 

Mereness, Md., 465-474; Raper, No. Car., 205-208; Smith, 

So. Car. as a Royal Prov., 158-170. 
Sources: Hart, Con temp., II, no. 68; Kimball, Corres. Govs. 

R. I., II, contains letters of the agents throwing light on their 

activities. 

(a) Conditions which gave rise to agency. 
(6) Personnel and functions. 

(c) Contest between governors and assemblies 

for control. 

(d) Influence of agents. 

SECTION III. ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL 
DEVELOPMENT 

A. Resume of the British Commercial Policy. (See pp. 50-51.) 

Andrews, Col. Self Gov't. (A. N. S.), 3-21; Beer, Brit. Com. Pol. 
(C. U. S., 111,37-44); Callender, Econ. Hist. U. S., 85-108; 
Haney, Hist. Econ. Thought, 87-112; Osgood, Amer. Cols., Ill, 
193-197, 204-216. 

1. General principles of mercantilism. 

2. Theory of balance of trade. 

3. Acts of trade and navigation. 

(a) Restrictions on colonial importations. 

(b) Enumerated commodities. 

(c) Regulation of navigation. 

(d) Policy as to manufactures. 

B. The Northern Colonies. 

Andrews, Col. Period, 90-106; Beer, Origins Brit. Col. System, 267- 
294; Beer, Brit. Com. Pol. (C. U. S, III, 55-65, 91-100, 107-122); 
Callender, Econ. Hist. U. S., 6-20, 51-63, 78-84; Channing, 



Section III] American colonial history 69 

Hist. U. S., II, 492-496, 507-526; Coman, Industrial Hist. U. S., 
ch. iii; Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 3-4, 11-13, 18-22, 115-125, 153- 
158; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 276-291; Lord, Industrial 
Exps. (J. H. S., ex. vol. XVII, 3-55, 89-124); Weeden. Soc. and 
Econ. Hist. New Eng., I, chs. v, vii, ix, II, ch. xiv. 

1. Agriculture. 

(a) Small farms. 

(6) Grain and cattle raising. 

2. Industries. 

(a) Lumber trade; saw-mills. 
(6) Ship building. 

(c) Fisheries. 

(d) Distilleries. 

3. England and the northern colonies as competitors. 

(a) Basis of conflict of economic interests. 

(b) Extent and nature of commerce. 

(c) Importance of West Indian trade. 

(d) Molasses Act, 1733; colonial evasion. 

(e) Failure to develop naval stores. 
(/) Conflict over timber trade. 

C. The Southern Colonies. 

Beer, Origins Brit. Col. System, 241-267; Beer, Brit. Com. Pol. 
(C. U.S., Ill, 43-55, 100-106); Bruce, Econ. Hist. Va., I, chs.vi, 
vii; Callender, Econ. Hist. U. S., 20-28; Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 
32-34, 44-48; 158-162; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 270-276; 
Lord, Industrial Exps. (J. H. S., ex. vol. XVII, 56-86); Mereness. 
Md., 104-128; Sioussat, Va. and Eng. Com. System (A. H. A. R., 
1905, I, 71-98). 

1. The plantation system. 

(a) Tobacco culture. 
(6) Rice and indigo. 

2. Naval stores. 

3. Close relations between England and Southern 

Colonies. 



70 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part IV 

(a) Basis of intimate commercial relations. 

(6) Tobacco and rice as enumerated com- 
modities. 

(c) Production of naval stores and indigo; 
bounties. 



D. Restrictions on Importations and Manufactures. 

Beer. Brit. Com. Pol. (C. U. S., Ill, 66-90); Bishop, Hist. Mfrs., 
I; Bruce, Econ. Hist. Va., II, chs. xv-xviii; Callander, Econ. 
Hist. U. S., 29-44; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 278-282; 
Lord, Industrial Experiments (J. H. S., ex. vol. XVII, 125-139); 
Weeden, Soc. and Econ. Hist. New Eng., I, 303-310, 387-398, 
II, 492-507. 

1. British policy as to colonial importations. 

(a) Restrictions on European importations. 

(b) Import duties; system of drawbacks. 

2. Colonial tariffs. 

Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 238-247; Hill, Colonial Tariffs (Quar. 
Jour. Econs., VII, 78-100). 

(a) Imposts levied on English ships and goods. 

(b) Imposts levied on importations from other 

colonies. 

(c) Effect on the freedom of trade; English 

opposition. 

3. Colonial conditions unfavorable to manufactures. 

(a) Land and manufactures. 

(6) Lack of labor and capital. 

(c) Absence of manufactures in South; reasons. 

4. Prohibitions on manufactures. 

(a) Tendencies toward manufactures in North; 

reasons. 
(6) Woolen Act, 1699. 



Section III] American colonial history 71 

(c) Hat Act, 1732. 
id) Iron Act, 1750. 

E. Enforcement and Effect of the Commercial System. 

Beer, Brit. Com. Pol. (C. U. S., Ill, 123-143); Ashley, Survey Hist, 
and Econ., 309-360; Callender, Econ. Hist. U. S., 85-120; Chan- 
ning. Hist. U. S., II, 252-272; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 
291-295; Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 45-76; Seeley, Ex- 
pansion of Eng., course I, lee. iv; Smith, Wealth of Nations, 
bk. iv, ch. vii, pt. iii; Weeden, Soc. and Econ. Hist. New Eng., 
II, 655-665, 

1. Admmistrative machinery. 

(a) Provisions of the act of 1696. (See p. 59.) 

(b) Customs service. 

(c) Vice-admiralty courts. 

2. Defects in the system of administration. 

(a) Fee system and sinecures. 
(6) Lack of revenue cutters, 
(c) Attacks on the vice-admiralty courts. (See 
p. 66.) 

3. How far the acts of trade were obeyed. 

(a) Difficulties of drawing any conclusion. 
(6) Prevalence of piracy; causes. 
(c) Illegal trade; Molasses Act, trade with 
Dutch, Scotch trade prior to 1707. 

4. Compe7isations of the restrictive system. 

(a) System of bounties and rebates. 
(6) British naval protection; convoys. 
(c) Concessions to colonial tobacco trade. 
{d) Contrast English with French and Spanish 
policies. 

5. Was the system injurious or beneficial? 

(a) Opinion of Adam Smith. 

(6) Recent opinions; Seeley, Ashley, Beer. 



72 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part IV 

F. Specie and Currency Problems. 

Secondaky: GENERAL ACCOUNTS: Bullock, Monetary Hist. U. S.; 
Callender. Econ. Hist. U. S.. 63-68; Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 
496-507; Dewey, Finan. Hist. U. S., ch. i; Douglass, Currencies 
of the Cols. (Amer. Econ. Asso., Studies, II, 294-375); Doyle, 
Eng. Cols., V, 98-114; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 295-299; 
Weeden, Soc. and Econ. Hist. New Eng., I, 314-336, 379-387, 
II, 473-491. 

SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: Bassett, Va. Planter and London Merchant 
(A. H. A. R., 1901, I, 553-575); Davis, Currency and Banking in 
Mass. (Amer. Econ. Asso., Pub., 3d ser., I, no. 4, II, no. 2); 
Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 289-293); Fry, New 
Hampshire (C. U. S., XXIX, 345-380); Kimball, Jos. Dudley, 
157-174; Raper, No. Car., 125-140; Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. 
Gov't., 180-200; Smith, So. Car. as a Royal Prov., 229-275. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 88, 89. 

1. The lack of specie in the colonies. 

(a) Balance of trade theory; balance unfavor- 
able to colonies. 
(6) Systems of primitive barter. 

(c) Foreign coin current; how secured. 

(d) Regulation of standard; royal proclama- 

tion, 1704, Coin Act, 1708. 

2. Colonial currency systems. 

(a) Tobacco currency in Maryland and Virginia; 

relations between colonial planter and 
London merchant. 

(b) Paper currency; forces which provoked 

policy. 

(c) Systems of issue and funding. 

(d) Legal tender element; depreciation. 

3. Currency and politics. 

Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 314-319. 

(a) Basis of opposition to paper money ; colonial 
creditors and British merchants. 



Section III] American colonial history 73 

(6) Contests between legislatures and governors. 

(c) Opposition of home government; royal 

instructions, Land Bank Act, 1741, Cur- 
rency Act, 1751. 

(d) Colonial discontent. 

G. The Colonial Labor Systems. 

GENERAL ACCOUNTS: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), H, 268- 
287; Callender, Econ. Hist. U. S., 44-51, 742-748; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., II, 367-394; Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 243-256; Greene, 
Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 236-242; Williams, Hist. Negro Race, 

I, 115-316. 

1. Economic origin of slavery. 

2. White servitude. 

Ballagh, White Servitude in Va. (J. H. S., XIII, 269-353); Bassett, 
Servitude in No. Car. (J. H. S., XIV, 179-254); Geiser, In- 
dented Servants in Pa. (Yale Rev., X) ; McCormac, White Ser- 
vitude in Md. (J. H. S., XXII, 119-224). 

(a) Importation of convicts; English regulations. 
{b) Voluntary servitude. 

(c) Terms of indenture. 

(d) Position of servant in colonies. 

3. Negro slavery. 

Ballagh, Slavery in Va. (J. H. S., ex. vol. XXIV); Brackett, Negro 
in Md. (J. H. S., ex. vol. VI); Bruce, Econ. Hist. Va., I, ch. ix, 

II, chs. X, xi; DuBois, Suppression of Afr. Slave Trade, 1-38; 
Turner, Negro in Pa., 1-53; Weeden, Soc. and Econ. Hist. New 
Eng. II, 449-472. 

(a) Number and distribution of slaves. 
(6) Slave trade; Royal African Co., Assiento, 
1713, New England trade. 

(c) Colonial tariffs on slave importations; Eng- 

lish opposition. 

Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 247-249. 

(d) Social and legal status of slaves. 



74 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part IV 



SECTION IV. EXPANSION OF SETTLEMENT 
AND FRONTIER PROBLEMS 

A. The Land Systems as a Factor in Expansion. 

Ford, Col. Precedents of Nat'l. Land System (Univ. Wis. Bulletin), 
29-35, 95-114; Mathews, Expansion of New Eng.; Mereness, 
Md., 69-75, 94-96, 99-103; Raper, No. Car., 101-124; Smith, 
So. Car. as a Royal Prov., 34-72; Turner, The Old West (Wis. 
Hist. Soc. Proc, 1908, 184-210). 

1. The engrossment of land. 

(a) Large estates in New York. 

(b) Land frauds in Carolinas. 

(c) Ill-effect on expansion; efforts of home gov- 

ernment to check practice. 

Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 251-252. 

2. Land bounties to stimulate immigration and ex- 

pansion. 
(a) System of head rights. 
{b) Military grants, 
(c) Speculative grants. 

{d) Township system in New England; free 
grants to actual settlers. 

3. The quit-rent system and agrarian troubles. 

Bond, Quit Rent System in Cols. (Amer. Hist. Rev., XVII, 496- 
51G); Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 171-206); Fry, New 
Hampshire (C. U. S., XXIX, 209-214); Shepherd, Pa.-(C. U. 
S., VI, 54-76). 

(a) Colonial opposition to quit-rents. 

(b) Land riots in New Jersey. 

(c) Opposition to Mason claims in New Hamp- 

shire. 
(fZ) Squatters in Pennsylvania. 



Section IV] American colonial history 75 

B. The Coming of the Foreigners and the Old West. 

GENERAL ACCOUNTS: Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 401-422; Doyle, 
Eng. Cols., V, 305-321; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 228- 
248; Turner, The Old West (Wis. Hist. Soc., Proc., 1908, 
211-233). 

SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: Bittenger, Germans in Col. Times; Bolton, 
Scotch-Irish Pioneers, 37-78, 130-378; Faust, German Element 
in U. S., I, chs. iii-x; Fosdick, French Blood in Amer., 125-363; 
Hanna, Scotch-Irish, I, 614-623, II, 1-93; Kuhns, German and 
Swiss Settlements in Pa.; McCrady, So. Car., 1719-1776, ch. 
viii; Mathews, Expansion of New Eng. 

1. Population, races, and distribution by 1700. 

2. Conditions in Europe promoting immigration. 

(a) French Huguenots and the revocation of 

the Edict of Nantes, 1685. 
(6) Scotch-Irish and Enghsh oppression. 
(c) Distress in the German Palatinate. 

3. Foreign immigration. 

(a) Number of immigrants. 

(6) Transportation facilities and methods. 

(c) Immigration and naturalization laws. 

Carpenter, Naturalization in Eng. and Cols. (Amer. Hist. Rev., 
IX, 288-303); Proper, Col. Immigration Laws (C. U. S., XVI). 

4. The Old West. 

Maps: Showing areas of settlement: Faust, German Element, I, 
60, 82, 118, 178, 264; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 6, 168; 
Hanna, Scotch-Irish, II, at title page; McCrady, So. Car., 1719- 
1776, 120; Mathews, Exp. New Eng., 5Q, 57, 70, 99. 

(a) Expansion in New England. 

(6) Scotch-Irish on the frontier; their charac- 
teristics, 

(c) German settlements. 

{d) Economic and social conditions of frontier, 

(e) Antagonism between East and West. 

(/) Influence of frontier on imperial relations. 



76 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part IV 

C. The Problems of the Frontier. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), II, chs. ix, x; Bate- 
son, French in Amer. (Cambridge Mod. Hist., VII, 70-100); 
Bourne, Spain in Amer. (A. N. S.), 253-268; Channing, Hist. 
U. S., II, 131-154; Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 264-304; Osgood, Amer. 
Cols., II, 426-428; Parkman, Old Regime, pt. ii; Thwaites. 
France in Amer. (A. N. S.), chs. ii-iv, viii; Walton, Conrad Weiser 
and Indian Pol. Pa., chs. i-vi. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 109-116. 

1. General conditions affecting defence of frontier. 

(a) Conflicting claims of England, France, and 

Spain. 
{h) The Indians. 

2. The French in North America. 

(a) Explorations, settlements, population. 

(6) French colonial system; organization of 

Canada, 
(c) Territorial and commercial rivalry between 

England and France. 

3. The Indian problem. 

(a) Policy of the colonies toward natives. 

(6) Ill-effects of decentralized management. 

(c) Contrast with Spanish and French policies. 

(d) Iroquois and St. Lawrence Valley. 

4. The theory and practice of defence. 

Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 1754-1765, ch. i; Fry, New Hampshire (C. U. 
S., XXIX, 473-521); Mereness, Md., 279-312; Raper, No. 
Car., 168-185; Smith, So. Car. as a Royal Prov., 171-210; 
Tanner, New Jersey (C. U. S., XXX, 559-579). 

(a) British theory of defence. 

(6) Requisition system. 

(c) Colonial systems of defence. 

(d) Quaker attitude toward problem. 



Section IV] American colonial history 77 

D. The Intercolonial Wars. 

1. King Williams War, 1690-1697. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), II, ch. xi; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., II, 529-532; Doyle, Eng. Cols., Ill, 278-288, 317- 
322, IV, 230-243; Fortescue, Hist. Brit. Army, II, 241-252; 
Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 119-135; Palfrey, Hist. New 
Eng., IV, 143-158; Parkman, Frontenac, chs. xi, xxi; Root, 
Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 256-269; Schuyler, Col. New York, 
I, 345-460. 

Source: Hart, Con temp., II, no. 117. 

(a) Europe; aggressions of Louis XIV, 

(b) America; contest for St. Lawrence Valley. 

(c) War in New England; Acadia. 

(d) War in New York; St. Lawrence Valley 

and Iroquois. 

(e) Attitude of the colonies toward war. 
(/) Peace of Ryswick, 1697; results. 

2. Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), II, ch. xii; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., II, 345-347, 537-546; Doyle, Eng. Cols., Ill, 345-353, 
367-376, IV, 272-276; Fortescue, Hist. Brit. Army, II, 254-257; 
Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 136-165; Hamilton, Coloniza- 
tion of South, 291-298; Osgood, Amer. Cols., II, 429-432; Pal- 
frey, Hist. New Eng., IV, 256-287; Parkman, Half Century of 
Conflict, I, chs. i, iii, v, vii, viii; Schuyler, Col. New York, II, 
15-50. 

(a) Europe; the Spanish Succession. 

(&) America; claims of France and Spain. 

(c) New York; neutrality of the Iroquois. 

{d) New England; French and Indian raids, 

1702-1709. 
(e) Canadian expeditions, 1709, 1711. 
(/) Carolinas; Spanish and Indian attacks. 
{g) Treaty of Utrecht, 1713; results. 



78 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part IV 

3. The Empire at peace, 1713-17 W- 

4. Georgia as a harrier colony. 

Secondaky: Bruce, Oglethorpe, 44-132; Channing, Hist. U. S., 
II, 3G3-365; Chalmers, Introduction to Revolt of Cols., II, 
177-189; Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 322-350; Greene, Prov. Amer. 
(A. N. S.), 249-269; Hamilton, Colonization of South, 299-316; 
Jones, Hist, of Ga., I, 82-132, 187-214; Wright, Oglethorpe, 
chs. ii-vi. 

Source: Hart, Con temp., II, nos. 39-41. 

(a) Formation of Georgia Company, 1732. 

(6) Purposes; philanthropic and mihtary. 

(c) Charter; nature of government. 

{d) Settlements. 

5. War with Spain, 1736-171^2. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), II, 292-299; Bruce, 
Oglethorpe, 154-166; Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 351-360, 375- 
383, 390-401, 406-410; Fortescue, Hist. Brit. Army, II, 55-79; 
Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 261-264; Jones, Hist, of Ga., 
I, chs. xvi, xvii, xxi, xxii; McCrady, So. Car., 1719-1776, chs. 
xi, xii; Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 279-287; Thwaites, 
France in Amer. (A. N. S.), 99-104; Wright, Oglethorpe, chs. ix, 
xi-xvn. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., II, no. 118. 

(a) Causes; territorial and commercial disputes 

in West Indies. 
(6) Georgia and Spanish attacks, 1736-1742. 
(c) Expedition to West Indies. 

6. King Georges War, 17U-174S. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), II, 299-310; Chan- 
ning, Hist. U. S., II, 546-549; Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 409-426; 
Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 319-330); Fortescue, Hist. 
Brit. Army, II, 257-260; Palfrey, Hist. New Eng., V, 58-90; 
Parkman, Half Century of Conflict, II, chs. xviii-xxiv; Root, 
Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 287-292. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 120, 121. 



Section V] American colonial history 79 

(a) Europe; the Austrian Succession. 

(6) Canadian expeditions. 

(c) Attitude of colonies toward the war. 

(d) Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748; results. 



SECTION V. INTERCOLONIAL RELATIONS 

A. The Elements of Disunion. Centrifugal Tendencies. 

Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 249-251, 285-296; Doyle, Eng. 
Cols., V. 17-18, 48-76; Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 
210-235); Fry, New Hampshire (C. U. S., XXIX, 241-273); 
Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 190-194; Palfrey, Hist. New 
Eng., IV, 554-559; Shepherd, Pa. (C. U. S., VI, 117-168). 

1. Effect of distance and difficidties of communication. 

2. Differences in religious and apolitical institutions. 

3. Intercolonial houndary disputes. 

(a) Overlapping boundary claims. 
(6) Home government as arbiter. 

4. Intercolonial tariff disputes. 

(a) Provincialism of colonial economic systems. 
(6) Discriminating tariffs and imposts. 
(c) Action of the home government. 

B. Elements of Union. Unifying Tendencies. 

Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 473-476; Faust, German Element in 
U. S., I; 203-211, 263-285; Frothingham, Rise of the Republic, 
101-129; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 198, 301; Greene, Prov. 
Gov., 178-180; Hanna, Scotch-Irish, II, 1-5; Jones, Quakers in 
Amer., 141-146, 305-309, 538-544; Wooley, Col. Post Office. 

1. Common political thought and action. 

2. Improved communication. 

(a) Post-office. 

3. The frontier as a unifying force. 

(a) Joint conferences with Indians. 



80 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part IV 

(6) Cooperation in military enterprises. 

(c) Sentiment in favor of union for defence. 
4. Religion as a unifying force. 

(a) Puritanism in New England; its influence 
on creation of the New England Con- 
federation. 

(6) Intercolonial ecclesiastical organization of 
Presbyterians, Germans, Baptists, Qua- 
kers. 

C. Colonial Unions Created and Planned. 

Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 74-75, IV, 231-233; Dickerson, Amer. Col. 
Gov't., 209-212; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 116-118; 
Greene, Prov. Gov., 52; Kellogg, Amer. Col. Charters (A. H. A. R., 
1903, I, 278-283); Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 261-269, 
338-339. 

1. Colonial unions prior to 1690. 

(a) New England Confederation — colonial idea. 
(6) Dominion of New England — prerogative 
idea. 

2. Unions, 1690-1697. 

(a) Colonial appeals for union for protection. 
(6) Personal unions formed, 1692-1697; com- 
missions to Fletcher, Phips, Bellomont. 
(c) William Penn's Plan of Union, 1697. 

3. Plans of union proposed, 1698-1701. 

Secondary: Fisher, Evolution of the Const., 215-231; Howard, 

Preliminaries of the Rev., 10-13. 
Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflets, no. 14; Carson, Anniversary Hist. 

of the Const., II, 449-467. 

(a) D'Avenant's plan, 1698. 

(b) A Virginian's plan and Livingstone's plan, 

1701. 



Section VI] AMERICAN colonial history 81 

(c) Board of Trade plan, 1721. 

(d) Coxe's plan, 1722. 

4. Personal unions, 1702-17 J^.!. 

Fry. New Hampshire (C. U. S., XXIX, 83-93); Greene, Prov. 
Amer. (A. N. S.), 193; Greene, Prov. Gov., 53-54; Kimball, 
Jos. Dudley, 134-149; Tanner, New Jersey (C. U. S., XXX, 
231-241). 

(a) New Hampshire and Massachusetts, 1702- 

1741. 
(6) New York and New Jersey, 1702-1738. 
(c) Friction between colonies; separation. 



SECTION VI. SOCIAL, RELIGIOUS, EDUCATIONAL 
CONDITIONS 

A. The Church of England in America. 

Secondary: GENERAL ACCOUNTS: Anderson, Ch. of Eng. in Cols., 
II, 352-420, 461-465, 550-573, III, 108-134, 177-203; Channmg, 
Hist. U. S., II, 427-437; Cobb, Rise of Religious Lib., 96-107, 
123-132, 381-398, 454-467; Doyle. Eng. Cols., V. 194-220; 
Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 91-105; Tiffany, Prot. Epis. 
Ch. (Am. Ch. Hist. Ser., VII), 56-286. 

SPECIAL ACCOUNTS: Cross, Anglican Epis. and Cols., 1-112; 
Greene, Prov. Gov., 128-132; McCrady, So. Car. under Prop. 
Gov't., 402-451, 470-476; Mcllwaine, Struggle for Toleration 
in Va. (J. H. S., XII, 176-235); Mereness, Md., 437-459; 
Motley, Jas. Blair (J. H. S., XIX, 455-501); Tanner, New Jersey 
(C. U. S., XXX, 580-601); Weeks, Rel. Dev. in No. Car. (J. H. 
S., X, 270-303); Weeks, Ch. and State in No. Car. (J. H. S., 
XI, 209-254). 

Source: Hart, Contemp., II, no. 101. 

1. The religious situation in England. 

Lecky, Hist. Eng., I, 219-234, 274-287; Trevelyan, Eng. under the 
Stuarts, 474-478. 

(a) Principles of the Toleration Act, 1689. 
(6) High Church reaction under Queen Anne. 

7 



82 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part IV 

2. The episcopal jurisdiction in America. 

(a) Authority of the bishop of London. 

(6) Bishop's commissaries; Blair, Bray, etc. 

(c) Ecclesiastical powers of the royal governors. 

3. Agencies promoting progress of the church. 

(a) Society for the Propagation of the Gospel; 

activities. 

(b) Zeal of Compton, bishop of London; of 

royal officials. 

4. The Church in the South. 

(a) Progress of the church in Virginia. 
{b) Its establishment in Maryland and Caro- 
linas, 1692-1706. 

5. Agitation for an American bishopric. 

(a) Conflicts within Church; clerical versus lay 

control. 

(b) Efforts to secure a colonial bishop. 

6. Attitude of the Church toumrd dissenters. 

B. The Puritan Church in New England. 

Anderson, Ch. of Eng. in Cols., Ill, 337-443; Channlng, Hist. U. S., 
II, 437-439; Cobb, Rise of Religious Lib., 229-238, 245-280 
Dexter, Congregationalism, 467-504; Doyle, Eng. Cols., V 
1G6-193; Greene, Religious Lib. in Conn., 121-273; Greene, 
Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 83-91, 321-324; Jones, Quakers in Amer, 
127-135, 153-156; Lauer, Ch. and State in New Eng. (J. H. S. 
X, 148-176); Walker, Congregationalists (Am. Ch. Hist. Ser 
III), 164-308; Wendell, Cotton Mather. 

1. Resume of the Puritan system. (See pp. 38-39.) 

2. Forces making for toleration. 

(a) Rise of a commercial spirit. 
{b) Growth of dissent. 

(c) Toleration upheld by home government. 

Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't.. 231-233. 



Section VI] American colonial history 83 

3. The Puritans and Anglicans. 

(a) Nature of opposition. 

(b) Episcopalians in Connecticut; Cutler. 

4. Progress of religious liberty. 

(a) Saybrook Platform, 1708. 

(b) Exemption laws for dissenters. 

5. The Great Awakening. 

^ (a) Whitfield in America. 

(6) Jonathan Edwards and the great revival. 

C. The Sectarian Bodies. 

Secondary: Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 423-427, 439-454; Cobb, 
Rise of Religious Lib., 404-418, 440-453; Fisher, New Jersey 
(C. U. S., XLI, 360-379). 
V Source: Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 97-100. 

1. The Quakers. 

Jones, Quakers in Amer., preface, 465-474, 477-489; Root, Rels. 
Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 222-255. 

(a) Religious principles and organization. 
(6) The conflicts between the Quakers and 
Anglicans. 

(c) The lessening of Quaker influence and power; 

reasons. 

2. The Presbyterians. 

Thompson, Presbyterians (Am. Ch. Hist. Ser., VI), 13 ff. 

(a) Influence of the Scotch-Irish immigration. 
ib) Organization. 

3. The Baptists. 

Newman, Baptists (Am. Ch. Hist. Ser., II), 162-260. 

4. Intolerance toward the Catholics. 

O'Gorman, CathoHcs (Am. Ch. Hist. Ser., IX), 234-246. 



84 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part IV 

D. Education and Culture. 

1. Higher education. 

Secondary: Birdseye, Individual Training in our Colleges, 3-79; 

Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 467-472; Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 236-242; 

Clews, Educ. Leg. and Adm. of Cols. (C. U. S. in Phil. VI); 

Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 384-391); Greene, Prov. 

Amer. (A. N. S.), 304-312; Thwing, Higher Educ. in Amer.; 

McCrady, So. Car., 1719-1776, 494-496; Mereness, Md., 145 ff. 
Source: Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 90, 95, 96. 

(a) The churches and education; the state and 

education. 
(6) Progress of Harvard, and William and Mary. 

(See p. 42.) 

(c) Founding and development of Yale. 

(d) Princeton and Presbyterianism. 

(e) College of Rhode Island and the Baptists. 
(/) King's College, University of Pennsylvania; 

liberal tendencies. 
(g) Formal character of college training, 
(/i) Colonists educated in England. 

2. Secondary schools. 

Brown, Making of our Middle Schools, 12-203; Boone, Educ. in 
U. S., 43-60; Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 462-466; Jones, Quakers 
in Amer., 407-408, 527-530, 558-559, 574-576; McCrady, So. 
Car., 1719-1776, 482-494; Mereness, Md. 137-145; Perry, Prot. 
Ch. in Va., 261-318; Sharpless, Quaker Exp. in Gov't., 35-46. 

(a) School system in New England. 

(6) Efforts to establish free schools in South. 

(c) Anglican church and schools. 

(d) Quakers and education. 

(e) Extent of popular education. 

3. Colonial literature and libraries. 

Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 222-228; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 
312-314; McCrady, So. Car., 1719-1776, 508-512; McMaster. 



Section VI] American colonial history 85 

Benjamin Franklin (Amer. Men of Letters Ser.); Stedman and 
Hutchinson, Lib. Amer. Lit., II; Tyler, Hist. Amer. Lit., II; 
. Steiner, Thos. Bray and his Amer. Libs. (Amer. Hist. Rev., 11, 
59-75); Weeks, Libraries and Lit. in No. Car. (A. H. A. R„ 
1895, 171-267). 

(a) Colonial writers. 
(6) Colonial libraries. 
(c) Culture in general. 

4. The rise of journalism. 

Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 476-489; Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 228-235; 
Duniway, Freedom of the Press in Mass., 1-121; Greene, Prov. 
Amer., 203-204, 314-315; Greene, Prov. Gov. (A. N. S.), 127-128, 
198-202; McCrady, So. Car., 1719-1776, 504-508; Thomas, 
Hist, of Printing. 

(a) Development of journalism. 

(&) Character and content of newspapers. 

(c) Censorship of press. 

(d) Zenger trial. 

(e) Influence of press. 
E. The Indians and Negroes. 

Secondary: Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 394-398); Doyle, Eng. 
Cols., V, 256-263, 301-304; Greene, Prov. Amer. (A. N. S.), 
242; Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 379-384); Jones, 
Quakers in Amer., 391-413, 495-521; Locke, Anti-slavery in 
Amer., 9-45; Turner, The Negro in Pa., 38-75; Weeks, Southern 
Quakers and Slavery (J. H. S., ex. vol., XV, 1-69, 198-210). 

Source: Hart, Con temp., II, nos. 102-108. 

1. Indian schools and missions. 

(a) Quakers and the Indians. 

(b) Anglican Church and the Indians. 

2. Anti-slavery sentiment. 

(a) In New England. 
(&) Quakers and slavery. 

(c) John Woolman. 



Part Five 
REORGANIZATION AND REVOLUTION 



SECTION I. THE EMPIRE DISORGANIZED 

1748-1763 

A. Character of the Empire at Mid-century. 

Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), II, 319-332; Howard, Prelim, of 
Rev. (A. N. S.), ch. i; Lecky, Hist. Eng., Ill, 290-330; 
Lecky, Amer. Rev. (Woodbum ed.), 1-49. 

1. Population, races, settlements in colonies. 

2. Constitution of the Empire. 

Snow, Adm. of Deps., 111-127. 

(a) Extent of colonial self-government. 

(6) Extent of imperial control. 

(c) Federal character of constitution. 

3. Forces of disintegration. 

Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 1754-1765, 169-179; Channing, Hist. U. S., 
II, 598-599; Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 391-393. 

(a) Geographical separation. 

(6) Different social and economic conditions. 

(c) Divergence of political ideas and institutions. 

4. Forces of cohesion. 

(a) Particularism of colonies. 

(b) British protection. 

B. The Problem of Union, 1748-1754. 

1. Reorganization of the Board of Trade. 

Dickerson. Amer. Col. Gov't., 39-57; Egerton, Brit. Col. Pol., 
145-146; Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 28-33. 



Section I] AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 87 

(a) Character of board prior to 1748. 
lb) Efficiency under Halifax, 1748-1761. 
(c) Reforms instituted. 

2. Basis of final struggle for supremacy in North 

America. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), II, 333-366; Bradley, 
Fight with France, chs. i, ii; Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 426-439; 
Fortescue, Hist. Brit. Army, II, 261-267; Parkman, Montcalm 
and Wolfe, I, chs. i, ii, vi; Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 
293-297; Thwaites, France in Amer. (A. N. S.), ch. ix, 157-168. 

Maps: Thwaites, France in Amer. (A. N. S.), 36, 106, 204. 

(a) French claims and forts in West; expedition 

of Celeron, 1749. 

(b) English claims; Ohio Company, 1749. 

(c) Letter of Secretary of State, 1753. 

(d) Washington's mission to French. 

3. Union of colonies for defence. 

Secondary: Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 1754-1765, 16-30; Bancroft, 
Hist. U. S. (last rev.), II, 367-388; Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 
216-223; Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 439-444- Egerton, Brit. Col. 
Pol., 170-174; Frothingham, Rise of Rep., 130-151; Root, Rels. 
Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 297-302; Thwaites, France in Amer. (A. N. 
S.), 168-172. 

Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflets, no. 14; Franklin, Works (Smyth 
ed.). Ill, 40-43, 203-226; Hart, Contemp., II, no. 125; Mac- 
Donald, Select Charters, 253; Preston, Documents, 170. 

(a) Evils of disunion ; Washington's defeat at Fort 
Necessity, 1754, defection of the Indians. 

(6) Albany Conference, 1754; origin, personnel. 

(c) Albany plan of union; nature; rejected by 
colonies, reasons. 

{d) Board of Trade plan; contrast with Albany 
plan. 

(e) Union impracticable; reasons. 



88 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part V 

C. The War Reveals Imperial Decentralization, 1755-1763. 

1. Chief events of struggle. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), II, 419-533; Bradley, 
Fight with France, chs. iii-xii; Cambridge Modern Hist., VII, 
123-143; Channing, Hist. U. S., II, 527-599; Fortescue, Hist. 
Brit. Army, II, 268-402; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 
chs. vii, X, xiii, II, chs. xviii-xxx; Thwaites, France in Amer. 
(A. N. S.), 173-265. 

Maps: Avery, Hist. U. S., IV, 60-61, 67, 78,"85, 89, 162, 199, 252, 
276-277. 

(a) World-wide character of contest. 

(6) French successes; 1755-1757; Braddock's 
defeat, fall of Oswego, massacre at Eort 
William Henry. 

(c) William Pitt, the great war minister, 1757- 
1761. 

{d) British successes, 1758-1760; Fort Du- 
quesne, 1758; Quebec, 1759; Mon- 
treal, 1760. 

2. Attitude of colonies toward war. 

Secondary: GENERAL: Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 1754-1765, 52-72; 
Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 320-335; Chalmers, Introduction 
to Revolt of Cols., II. 252-362; Doyle, Eng. Cols., V, 444-480; 
Lecky, Amer. Rev. (Woodburn ed.), 52-68; MacCormac, Colonial 
Opposition to Imperial Authority (Univ. Cal. Pub.). 

PARTICULAR COLONIES: Black, Md. (J. H. S., X, 315-379); 
Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 330-359); Fry, New Hamp- 
shire (C. U. S., XXIX, 511-521); Mereness, Md., 312-338; 
Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 302-324; Shepherd, Pa. 
(C. U. S., VI, 531-539). 

Source: Kimball, Corres. Wm. Pitt, I, 36-50, 74-79, 121-123, 
235-237, 242-247, II, 88-90, 130-134, 276, 432-434. 

(a) Requisition system, nature. 
(6) Attitude of northern colonies; energy shown 
by Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York. 



Section I] American colonial history 89 

(c) Attitude of southern colonies; struggles in 

Maryland and Pennsylvania. 

(d) Evils of the requisition system. 

(e) Reimbursement of colonies by Parliament. 

3. The Indian problem and defence. 

Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), HI, 41-49; Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 
1754-1765, 252-273; Carter, Great Brit, and 111. Country, 27-29, 
77-81; Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 336-356; Fortescue, Hist. 
Brit. Army, III, 1-22; GrifBs, Sir Wm. Johnson; Parkman, Con- 
spiracy of Pontiac, I, chs. v-viii; II, xviii-xxiii. 

Source: MacDonald, Select Charters, 267-272. 

(a) Need of centralized Indian policy. 

(6) Indian agents appointed by crown, 1755; 

Sir William Johnson, 
(c) Royal order, 1761; proclamation of 1763; 

object. 
{d) Discontent of western Indians; conspiracy 

of Pontiac. 
(e) Failure of requisition system. 

4. Trade of the colonies with the enemy. 

Secondary: GENERAL: Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 1754-1765, 72-131; 

Fisher, Struggle for Independence, I, 49-61; Howard, Prelim. 

of Rev. (A. N. S.), 68-83; Lecky, Amer. Rev. (Woodburn ed.), 

42-49; Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 76-84, 123-125. 
Writs of assistance: Hosmer, Life of Hutchinson, chs. iii-v; 

Tudor, Life of Otis, ch. vi; Tyler, Lit. Hist. Amer. Rev., I, 30-44. 
Sources: Hart, Contemp., II, no. 131; Kimball, Corres. Wm. 

Pitt, II, 320, 348-354, 357-360, 373-382; MacDonald, Select 

Charters, 258-261. 

(a) Illegal and treasonable trade with French. 

(&) Injury caused to British arms. 

(c) Efforts to check it; means of evasion. 

(d) Writs of assistance; 1761; James Otis. 



90 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY Part V 

5. The colonial currency problem. 

Secondary: GENERAL: Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 1754-17G5, 179-188; 
Dickerson, Amer. Col. Gov't., 315-320; Howard, Prelim, of 
Rev. (A. N. S.), 84-101; Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 208- 
218. 

PARTICULAR COLONIES: Fry, New Hampshire (C. U. S., XXIX, 
398-420); Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 293-302); Lingley, 
Va. (C. U. S., XXXVI, 27-34); Shepherd, Pa. (C. U. S., VI, 
422-434); Tyler, Patrick Henry, ch. iv. 

Source: Hart, Con temp., II, no. 37. 

(a) Evils of a depreciated currency. (See pp. 

72-73.) 
(6) Opposition of British mercliants; statute 

of 1751. 

(c) Extensive issues during war; efforts to 

check issues. 

(d) Colonial opposition; Patrick Henry and 

Parson's Cause. 

6. Struggle for control of colonial judges. 

Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 1754-1765, 188-192; Dickerson, Amer. Col. 
Gov't., 195-209; Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 240-244); 
Greene, Prov. Gov., 134-137; Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 
174-178. 

(a) Question of tenure of office of judges. 
(6) Contests for control; New York, New 
Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania. 



SECTION II. IMPERIAL REORGANIZATION 
1763-1766 

A. The Peace of Paris, 1763. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. IJ. S. (last rev.), II, 554-565, III, 
3-29; Cambridge Modern Hist., VI, 411-423; Egerton, Brit. 
Col. Pol., 175-186; Fiske, Amer. Rev., I, 1-17; Frothingham, 



Section II] American colonial history 91 

Rise of Republic, 151-157; Hunt, Pol. Hist. Eng., X, 23-44; 
Woodburn, Causes of Amer. Rev. (J. H. S., X, 559-563). 
Maps: Avery, Hist. U. S., IV, 352; Howard, Prelim, of Rev. (A. 
N. S.). 4; Thwaites, France in Amer. (A. N. S.), 256, 268. 

1. Geographical results. 

(a) French and Spanish cessions. 
(6) Extent of British Empire. 

2. Effect upon imperial policy. 

(a) Revival of imperial sentiment. 
(6) Colonial problems awaiting solution; trade, 
defence, administration. 

3. Effect of conquest of Canada upon colonies. 

Secondary: Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 1754-1765, 132-159; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., II, 596-597, 602-603; Grant, Canada versus Guade- 
loupe (Amer. Hist. Rev., XVII, 735-743). 

Source: Hart, Contemp., II, no. 122. 

(a) Effect of removal of French on imperial tie. 
(6) Various predictions; Kalm, Montesquieu, 

Turgot, Vergennes. 
(c) Opposition to retention of Canada, 1760; 

pamphlet controversy. 
{d) Retention of Canada and problem of 

defence. 

B. The New Colonial Policy Inaugurated. 
1. The Grenville ministry. 

Egerton, Brit. Col. Pol., 187-204; Cambridge Modern Hist., VII, 
144-150; Fiske, Amer. Rev., I, 38-45; Hunt, Pol. Hist. Eng., 
X, 45-63; Lecky, Hist. Eng., IH, 333-358; Lecky, Amer. Rev. 
(Woodburn ed.), 52-79; Robertson, England under the Hanove- 
rians, 230-238. 

(a) George III. idea of government. 
(6) Composition of Grenville ministry, 
(c) Ministerial attitude toward colonies. 



92 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part V 

2. Economic and administrative reforms. 

Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 1754-17G5, 210-251; Fisher, Struggle for 
Indep., I, 61-G9; Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 84-90, 124- 
127. 

(a) Readjustment of trade laws; Sugar Act, 

1764. 
(6) Restrictions on paper currency; Currency 

Act, 17G4. 
(c) Customs service reorganized; employment 

of revenue cutters in colonies. 
{d) Admiralty courts strengthened. 

3. A standing army for America. 

Beer, Brit. Col. Pol.. 1754-1765, 2G5-273; Root, Rels. Pa. with 
Brit. Gov't., 328-330; MacDonald, Select Charters, 306, 

(a) Necessity of permanent force on frontier. 

(b) Futility of depending on colonies. 

(c) Number of troops requisite. 
{d) Quartering Act, 1765. 

4. The revenue acts. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), HI. 30-40. 50-74, 
95-106; Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 1754-1765. 274-286; Egerton, 
Brit. Col. Pol., 187-201; Fisher, Struggle for Indep., I, 69-82; 
Hertz, Old Col. System, 70-90; Root, Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 
328-333, 390-391. 

Sources: Amer. His. Leaflets, not. 21; Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 
49, 133; MacDonald. Select Charters, 272-312. 

{a) Effect of war on national debt. 

(&) Justice of colonial taxation for defence. 

(c) Precedents and suggestions for colonial 

taxation. 

Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 31-51; Bancroft. Hist. U. S. (last rev.), II, 
246. 251-253, 411-418, 443, 458, 532. 

(d) First revenue act; Sugar Act, 1764. 



Section II] American colonial history 93 

(e) Grenville proposes direct taxation; colonial 

remonstrances. 
(/) Second revenue act; Stamp Act, 1765. 



C. Response of America to the New Policy. 

1. Economic argument against the new measures. 

Secondary: Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 1754-1765, 287-316; Root, 
Rels. Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 88-90, 333-334; Tyler, Lit. Hist. 
Amer. Rev., I, 44-60. 

Sources: Callender, Econ. Hist. U. S., 51-68, 122-141; Dickin- 
son, Writings, I, 213-230; Franklin, Works (Smyth ed.), V, 
1-13. 

(a) West Indian trade and Sugar Act. 
(6) Lack of specie and Currency Act. 

(c) Social conditions unfavorable to direct 

taxation. 

(d) Taxation for defence unjust; theory of 

obedience and protection. 

(e) Economic distress intensifies opposition. 

2. Active resistance. 

GENERAL: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), HI, 134-148; Daw- 
son, Sons of Liberty; Howard, Prelim, of Rev. (A. N. S.), 102- 
139; Lecky, Amer. Rev. (Woodburn ed.), 80-84. 

PARTICULAR COLONIES: Becker, Pol. Parties in N. Y., 1760-1776, 
23-52; Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 407-425); Lingley, 
Va. (C. U. S., XXXVI, 358-371); McCrady, So. Car., 1719- 
1776, 541-585; Mereness, Md., 477-487; Raper, No. Car., 
231-238; Smith, So. Car., as a Royal Prov., 349-355. 

(a) Commerce as a political weapon; boycott 

on British goods. 
(6) Mob violence; riots in Boston and other 

places, 
(c) Sons of Liberty. 



94 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part V 

(d) Imperial authority defied; Stamp Act not 
enforced. 

3. Intercolonial cooperation. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), HI, 75-94, 107-121, 
149-164; Channing, Hist. U. S., HI; Fisher, Struggle for Indep., 
I, 82-101; Fiske, Amer. Rev., I, 18-27; Frothingham, Rise of 
Rep., 158-199; Howard, Prelim, of Rev. (A. N. S.), 140-157. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., II, no. 141; MacDonald, Select Charters, 
313; Preston, Documents, 188. 

(a) Threat to colonial autonomy creates 
principle of union. 

(6) Virginia Resolves, 1765; response of col- 
onies. 

(c) Committees of correspondence promote 

cooperation. 

(d) Call for a continental congress; election of 

delegates. 

(e) Stamp Act Congress; character. 
(/) Work of congress and results. 

4. British government yields, 1766. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.). Ill, 165-214; Eger- 
ton, Brit. Col. Pol., 201-204; Fisher, Struggle for Indep., I, 
101-112; Howard, Prehm. of Rev. (A. N. S.), 158-173; Hunt, 
Pol. Hist. Eng., X, 64-73; Lecky, Hist. Eng., HI, 361-378; 
Lecky, Amer. Rev. (Woodbum ed.), 84-98. 

Sources: Callender, Econ. Hist. U. S., 142-148; Franklin, Works 
(Smyth ed.), IV, 412-448; Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 143-144; 
MacDonald, Select Charters, 316-317. 

(a) Rockingham ministry; attititde toward 
colonies. 

(h) Boycott effective; protests of British mer- 
chants. 

(c) Franklin's examination in House of Com- 



Section II] American colonial history 95 

(d) Stamp Act repealed; Sugar Act modified. 

(e) Declaratory Act, 1766. 

5. Colonial discontent kept alive. 

GENERAL: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), HI, 215-244; 

Frothingham, Rise of Rep., 201-202; Howard, Prelim, of Rev. (A. 

N. S.), 174-181; Lecky, Amer. Rev. (Woodburn ed.), 98-105. 
PARTICDXAR COLONIES: Becker, Pol. Parties in N. Y., 1760-1776, 

52-73; Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 431-440); McCrady] 

So. Car., 1719-1776, 586-595; Smith, So. Car. as a Royal Prov., 

358-359. 

(a) Menace of Declaratory Act. 

(6) Opposition to Mutiny Act. 

(c) Refusal to indemnify Stamp Act sufferers. 

D. Argument from the Law and the Constitution. 

Secondary: Beer, Brit. Col. Pol., 1754-1765, 308-316; Chamber- 
lain, John Adams and Rev., 137-165; Cambridge Modern Hist., 
VII, 175-208; Holland, Imperium et Libertas, 23-91; Lincoln, 
Rev. Movement in Pa., 114-135; McBwain. High Court of Pari., 
336-388; Merriam, Amer. Pol. Theories, 38-46; Root, Rels. 
Pa. with Brit. Gov't., 393-396; Snow, Adm. of Deps., 128-168; 
Tyler, Lit. Hist. Amer. Rev., I, 60-120, 293-315. 

Sources: Adams, British Orations, I, 98, 150; Hart, Contemp., 
II, no. 142. 

1. Principles of the English constitution. 

(a) Appeal to same law and precedent. 
(6) Liberties and privileges of Englishmen. 

2. English theory of a centralized empire. 

(a) Growth of principle of parliamentary sov- 
ereignty. 

(6) Legal status of colonies; provinces or cor- 
porations. 

(c) Colonies virtually represented in Parlia- 
ment. 

{d) Views of Mansfield and Grenville, 1766. 



96 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part V 

3. Colonial theory of a federal empire. 

(a) English constitution as a fundamental 

law. 
(6) Charters as contracts. 

(c) Colonies not represented in Parliament. 

(d) Distinction between legislation and taxa- 

tion; views of Pitt and Camden, 1766. 



SECTION III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 
REVOLUTION, 1767-1775 

Colonial Policy of the Grafton-Chatham Ministry, 1766- 
1770. 

1. Political situation in England. 

Fiske, Amer. Rev., I, 28-45; Hunt, Pol. Hist. Eng., X, 82-105; 
Lecky Hist. Eng., Ill, 379-421 ; Robertson, Eng. imder Hanove- 
rians, 241-248 

On Secretary of State for Colonies: Egerton, Brit. Col. Pol., 209- 
212; Fitzmaurice, Life of Shelburne, II, 66-77; Root, Rels. Pa. 
with Brit. Gov't., 30-33; Snow, Adm. of Deps., 208-223. 

(a) Grafton-Chatham ministry; discordant 

elements. 

(b) Relation of George III. to ministry. 

(c) Attitude toward colonies; Charles Town- 

shend. 

(d) Secretary of State for colonies, 1768; 

Lord Hillsborough. 

2. The Townshend Acts, 1767. 

Secondary: Channing, Hist. U. S., Ill; Fisher, Struggle for Indep., 
I, 112-126; Lecky, Amer. Rev. (Woodburn ed.), 105-112. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., II, no. 145; MacDonald, Select Charters, 
317-330. 

(a) Revenue duties; external taxes. 



Section III] American colonial history 97 

(b) Board of customs commissioners for 

America. 

(c) Coercion of New York assembly. 
3. Resistance and retaliation. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S., (last rev.). Ill, 245-295, 319- 
337, 3C8-378; Fisher, Struggle for Indep., I, 126-145; Froth- 
ingham. Rise of Rep., 203-241; Howard, Prelim, of Rev. (A. N. 
S.), 174-205; Lecky, Hist. Eng., Ill, 379-421; Lecky, Amer. 
Rev. (Woodburn ed.), 113-132; Tyler, Lit. Hist. Amer. Rev., 
I, 229-245. 

Sources: Callender, Econ. Hist. U. S., 148-151; Dickinson, Writ- 
ings, I, 167-173, 275; Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 149, 151; Mac- 
Donald, Select Charters, 330-335. 

(a) Dickinson's "Farmer's Letters"; influence. 
(6) Non-importation agreements. 

(c) Massachusetts circular letter, 1768; con- 

duct of colonies and ministry. 

(d) Troops sent to Boston; opposition of 

colony. 

(e) Parliamentary address on treason; Virginia 

resolves, 1769. 
(/) Boston massacre, 1770. 

B. Colonial Policy of Lord North, 1770-1774. 
1. Personal rule of George III. 

Channing, Hist. U. S., Ill; Egerton, Brit. Col. Pol., 213-222; 
Fiske, Amer. Rev., I, 46-98; Hunt, Pol. Hist. Eng., X, 106-123; 
Lecky, Hist. Eng., IIL 1-25; Trevelyan, Amer. Rev., pt. I, 
100-174. 

(a) Relations of ministry and Parliament to 

George III; revival of prerogative 
government. 

(b) Policy toward colonies. 



98 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part V 

2. Prerogative government in colonies. 

GENERAL: Bancroft, Hist. U. S., Ill (last rev.), 404-416; Frothing- 
ham. Rise of Rep., 249-25C; Howard, Prelim, of Rev. (A. N. S.), 
242-253. 
PARTICULAR COLONIES: Arnold, Rhode Island, 11,309-320; Jones, 
Ga., II, 117-124; Mereness, Md., 386-400; Smith, So. Car. as a 
Royal Prov., 369-386. 

(a) Lord Dartmouth, secretary of state for 
colonies. 

(6) Royal orders and colonial opposition; Mas- 
sachusetts, Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, 
South Carolina. 

(c) Royal commission and "Gaspee" affair. 

3. Fiscal policy and colonial resistance. 

Secondary: GENERAL: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), HI, 443- 
458; Channing, Hist. U. S., Ill; Fisher, Struggle for Indep., 
I, 164-182; Frothingham, Rise of Rep., 294-309; Howard, 
Prelim, of Rev. (A. N. S.), 259-271; Lecky, Amer. Rev. (Wood- 
burn ed.), 133-154. 

SPECIAL: Becker, Pol. Parties in N. Y., 1760-1776, 95-111; Far- 
rand, Taxation of Tea (Amer. Hist. Rev., 111,266-269); Lincoln, 
Rev. Movement in Pa., 151-159. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., II, no. 152; Old So. Leaflets, no. 68. 

(a) Repeal of taxes, except duty on tea, 1770. 

(6) East India Company; financial difficulties. 

(c) Duties on tea; acts of 1772, 1773. 

(d) Consignments of tea to America. 

(e) Resistance to tea importation; conduct of 

Boston and other ports. 

4. Coercion of Massachusetts, 177 If. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.). Ill, 466-482; Chan- 
ning, Hist. U. S., HI; Fisher, Struggle for Indep., I, 182-190; 
Frothingham, Ri.se of Rep., 314-326; Howard, Prelim, of Rev. 
(A. N. S.), 272-285; Hunt, Pol. Hist. Eng., X, 124-140; Lecky, 



Section III] AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 99 

Hist. Eng., HI, 431-443; Lecky, Amer. Rev. (Woodburn ed.), 
165-179; Trevelyan, Amer. Rev., pt. I, 175-189. 
Source: MacDonald, Select Charters, 337-356. 

(a) Debate in Parliament on colonial situation. 

{b) Repressive measures; Boston Port Bill, 
Regulating Act, Impartial Justice Act, 
Quartering Act. 

(c) Response of colonies; Massachusetts sup- 
ported, call for continental congress. 

5. Quebec Act, 177 J^. 

Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), IV, 78-89; Coffin, Quebec Act 
and Amer. Rev., 391-513; Coffin, Quebec Act (A. H. A. R., 
1894); Winsor, Va., and Quebec Act (Amer. Hist. Rev., I, 436-442). 

(a) Early efforts to organize Canada. 
(6) Analysis of act of 1774. 
(c) Basis of colonial opposition; land and 
religious questions. 



C. Establishment of the Revolutionary Organization, 1765- 
1774. 

1. Two-fold character of American Revolution. 

(a) International aspect; contest for home rule. 
(6) Domestic aspect; contest for rule at home. 

2. Sectionalism and representation in colonies. (See 

pp. 65, 75.) 

GENERAL: Turner, Old West (Wis. Hist. Soc., Procs., 1908, 218-230); 
Farrand, The West and Rev. (Yale Rev., XVII, 44-58). 

PARTICULAR COLONIES: Ambler, Sectionalism in Va., ch. i; Bassett, 
Regulators in N. C. (A. H. A. R., 1894); Becker, Pol. Parties in 
N. Y., 1760-1776, ch. i; Lincoln, Rev. Movement in Pa., 53-76, 
98-113; McCrady, So. Car., 1719-1776, 311-320, 623-643; Park- 
man, Conspiracy of Pontiac, II, chs. xxiv-xxv; Schaper, Sec- 
tionalism in S. C. (A. H. A. R., 1900, I. 324-353). 



100 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part V 

(a) The Old West; economic and social con- 
ditions; contrast with East. 

(I)) Grievances of West; representation, suf- 
frage, etc. 

(c) Struggle for redress; Paxton riots; Regu- 
lators in Carolinas. 

{d) W'est in New England; influence of town- 
ship system. 

3. Relation of domestic and international issues. 

(a) Popular nullification of British measures; 

significance. 
(6) Organization of popular sentiment; germ of 

revolutionary machinery, 
(c) Alignment of parties ; coercion or negotiation. 

4. Revolutionary organization ; local. 

GENERAL: Collins, Corns, of Corres. (A. H. A. R., 1901, I, 243-258) 
Frothingham, Rise of Rep., 256-292. 

PARTICULAR COLONIES: Becker, Pol. Parties in N. Y., 23-94 
Cashing, Mass. (C. U. S., VII, 7-112); Lincoln, Rev. Movement 
in Pa., 77-96, 143-188; Lingley, Va. (C. U. S., XXXVI, 48-65) 
McCrady, So. Car., 1719-1776, 596-658; Mereness, Md., 477- 
498; Sikes, No. Car. (J. H. S., XVI, 511-517); Silver, Md. (J. 
H . S., XIII, 481-494). 

(a) Committees of correspondence; precedents, 
activities. 

(6) Conventions and non-importation agree- 
ments. 

(c) Assemblies as extra-legal bodies. 

(d) Revolutionary organization in Pennsylvania 

and New York. 

5. Intercolonial organization. 

Collins, Corns, of Corres. (A. H. A. R., 1901, I, 258-263); Froth- 
ingham, Rise of Rep., 326-343; Tyler, Lit. Hist. Amer. Rev., I, 
267-279. 



Section III] American colonial history lOl 

(a) Principle of union; preservation of self- 
government. 

(6) Cooperation by correspondence; inter- 
colonial committees. 

(c) Intolerable acts and call for continental 

congress, 1774. 

(d) Response of colonies; election of dele- 

gates. 

6. Continental Congress, 177 Jf, 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), IV, 55-77; Becker, 
Pol. Parties in N. Y., 142-174; Fisher, Struggle for Indep., I, 
221-240; Fiske, Amer. Rev., I, 100-110; Frothingham, Rise of 
Rep., 344-401; Howard, Prelim, of Rev. (A. N. S.), 280-302; 
Small, Beginnings of Amer. Nationality (J. H. S., VIII, 7-42); 
Trevelyan, Amer. Rev., pt. I, 191-209. 

Sources: Callender, Econ. Hist. U. S., 151-154; Ford, Jours. 
Cont. Cong., I; MacDonald, Select Charters, 356-367; Preston, 
Documents, 199. 

(a) Personnel. 

(&) Purpose; instructions to delegates, redress 

of grievances, 
(c) Contest between radicals and conservatives; 

coercion or negotiation. 
{d) Coercion adopted; Suffolk Resolves, 

American Association. 

(e) State papers issued; Declaration of 

Rights. 

D. Plans of Settlement. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), IV, 91-92; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., Ill; Egerton, Brit. Col. Pol., 187-190; Hunt, Pol. 
Hist. Eng., X, 135-142; Howard, Prelim, of Rev. (A. N. S.), 
272-279; Lecky. Hist. Eng., Ill, 421-431; Lecky, Amer. Rev. 
(Woodburn ed.), 154-165; Lewis, Gov't, of Deps., 288-294, 
316-325; Snow, Adm. of Deps., 161-162, 171-173, 197-207, 



102 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part V 

261-279, 294-317; Van Tyne, Sovereignty in Amer. Rev. (Amer. 
Hist. Rev., XII, 529-534). 
Sources: Burke, Speeches on Amer. (Everyman's Lib.), 7G-144, 
259-262; Callender, Econ. Hist. U. S., 155-158; Franklin, Works 
(Smyth ed.), V, 17-18, 241; Smith, Wealth of Nations (Every- 
man's Lib.), II, 112-119; Ford, Jours. Cont. Cong., I, 15-30, 
II, 13-23, IV, 142-143; MacDonald. Select Charters, 367-374. 

1. Importance of crisis. 

(a) Imperial authority defied. 

(6) Commerce and industry injured. 

2. Peaceful separation. 

(a) Advice of Tucker, 1772; suggested by 

Gage. 

(b) Proposals obnoxious to British pride. 

3. Colonial representation in Parliament. 

(a) Natural and social obstacles. 
(6) British and colonial objections. 

4. Grant of home rule. 

(a) Necessity of recognizing actual conditions. 
(6) Colonies refute idea of independence. 

(c) Colonial views of accommodation; restora- 

tion of relations prior to 1763; Galloway's 
plan of union. 
{d) English views; plans of Burke, Chatham, 
North. 

5. Violent coercion; the policy adopted. 

(a) Lack of imperial statesmanship. 
{b) Massachusetts coerced; repressive measures. 
(See p. 99.) 

(c) New England Restraining Act, 1775. 

(d) Troops sent to America; Clinton, Howe, 

Burgoyne. 

(e) Independence or submission. 



Section IV] American colonial history 103 

SECTION IV. THE MOVEMENT FOR 
INDEPENDENCE, 1775-1776 

A. Overthrow of Royal Government. 

Becker, Pol. Parties in N. Y., 158-252; Collins, Corns, of Corres. 
(A. H. A. R., 1901, I, 264-271); Cushing, Mass. (C. U. S., VII, 
112-174); Fisher, New Jersey (C. U. S., XLI, 441-492); Lingley, 
Va. (C. U. S., XXXVI, 65-115, 124-157); Lincoln, Rev. Move- 
ment in Pa., 189-232; Schaper, Sectionalism in So. Car. (A. H. 
A. R., 1900, I, 354-363); Sikes, No. Car. (J. H. S., XVL 517- 
541); Silver, Md. (J. H. S.. XIII. 494-525). 

1. Influence of American Association, 177 If. 

(a) Principles and machinery of execution. 
(6) Effect on development of revolutionary 
machinery. 

2. Provincial conventions. 

(a) Basis of authority. 

(6) Personnel and leadership. 

(c) Form and procedure; conservatism. 

(d) Assumption of powers of government; 

finance, militia, etc. 

3. Committees of safety. 

Hunt, Provincial Corns, of Safety. 

(a) Organization and authority. 
(6) Powers and activities. 

4. Local Machinery. 

(a) Organization and functions; county and 

town committees. 
(&) Relation to provincial bodies. 
(c) Activities. 

B. The Loyalists. 

GENERAL: Fisher, Struggle for Indep., I, 240-275; Sabine, Loyalists 
of Rev., I, 55-87; Tyler, Loyahsts (Amer. Hist. Rev., I, 24-45); 



104 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part V 

Tyler, Lit. Hist. Amer. Rev., I, 329-384; Van Tyne, Loycalists 
in Ri'v., 1-16-t; Van Tyne, Amer. Rev. (A. N. S.), 248-268. 
SPECIAL: Flick, New York (C. U. S., XIV, 9-116); Gilbert, Conn. 
(Amer. Hist. Rev., IV, 273-291); Jones, Quakers in Amer,, 
556-580; Lingley, Va. (C. U. S., XXXVI, 115-122). 

1. Number and character. 

(a) Effect of American Association on parties. 

(b) Classes which formed party; numbers. 

(c) LoyaKsts in South; in New England. 
{d) Strength and leadership in New York. 
(e) Attitude of Quakers. 

2. Loyalist argument. 

(a) Joseph Galloway; policies and activities. 
(6) Writings of Daniel Leonard, Samuel Sea- 
bury, 
(c) Strength and weakness of Loyalist position. 

3. Treatment of Loyalists. 

4. The Anglican Church and the Revolution. 

Adams, B., Emancipation of Mass., ch. xi; Cross, Anglican Episco- 
pate and Colonies, 113-263; Chamberlain, John Adams, 19-44; 
Howard, Prelim, of Rev. (A. N. S.), ch. xii; Trevelyan, 
Amer. Rev., pt. 2, II, ch. xvi; Tyler, Lit. Hist. Amer. Rev., I, 
316-328. 

(a) Review of Anglican Church in colonies. 

(See p. 82.) 

(b) Efforts to secure an American bishop. 

(c) Effect of controversy on parties and politics. 
{d) Anglican clergy and revolution; Jonathan 

Boucher. 

C. The Declaration of Independence. 

1. Second Continental Congress, 1775. 

Secondary: Channing, Hist. U. S., Ill; Fisher, Struggle for 
Indep., I, 206-214, 322-333; Frothingham, Rise of Rep., 403-433; 



Section IV] American colonial history 105 . 

Howard, Prelim, of Rev. (A. N. S.), 296-312; Lecky, Amer. Rev. 
(Woodburn ed.), 194-214; Small, Beginnings of Amer. Nation- 
ality (J. H. S., Vlll, 43-76); Trevelyan, Amer. Rev., pt. 1, 274- 
338; Van Tyne, Amer. Rev. (A. N. S.), 34-49. 
Sources: Ford, Jours. Cont. Cong., II, 128-157, VI, 1087-1098; 
Hart, Contemp., II, no. 185; MacDonald, Select Charters, 374- 
381. 

(a) Composition and authority. 

(b) Assumption of sovereign power. 

(c) Was separation the aim. f*; opinion of leaders. 

Declaration on taking up Arms. 
{d) Radicalism of New England; John and 

Samuel Adams. 
(e) Conservatism of southern and middle 

colonies. 

2. Failure of conciliation. 

Secondary: Brancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), IV, 167-184, 265- 
279; Channing, Hist. U. S., HI; Fisher, Struggle for Indep., I, 
275-322; Fiske, Amer. Rev., I, 111-146; Frothingham, Rise of 
Rep., 434-454; Hunt, Pol. Hist. Eng., X, 143-162; Lecky, Hist. 
Eng., HI, 443-499; Trevelyan, Amer. Rev., pt. 1, 236-311. 

Sources; Ford, Jours. Cont. Cong., II, 224-234; Hart, Contemp., 
II, no. 191; MacDonald, Select Charters, 385-391. 

(a) Outbreak of war; Lexington, Concord, 
Bunker Hill. 

(6) Colonies reject Lord North's plan of con- 
ciliation. 

(c) Parliament rejects colonial petitions. 

(d) Colonies proclaimed rebels; trade with 

America prohibited. 

3. Independence impending. 

Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), IV, 310-346, 382-391; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., HI; Fisher, Struggle for Indep., I, 372-387; Fiske, 
Amer. Rev., I, 147-197; Friedenwald, Decl. of Indep., 30-98; 



106 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part V 

Frothingham, Rise of Rep., 456-518; Van Tyne, Amer. Rev. 
(A. N. S.), 50-70. 
On Thomas Paine; Tyler. Lit. Hist. Amer. Rev., I, 452-474; 
Paine, Writings (Conway ed.), I, 84-111. 

(a) "Common Sense" by Thomas Paine; 

timely argument and influence. 
(6) Civil war in Virginia and North Carolina; 

effect on independence, 
(c) Action of colonies, April-May, 1776. 
{d) Advice of congress to colonies. 

4. hidependence declared. 

4 Secondary: GENERAL: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), IV, 412- 

452; Channing, Hist. U. S., HI; Fisher, Struggle for Indep., I, 
436-456; Friedenwald, Decl. of Indep., 121-183; Frothingham, 
Rise of Rep., 519-558; Lecky, Amer. Rev. (Woodburn ed.), 214- 
244; Tyler. Lit. Hist. Amer. Rev., I, 475-519; Trevelyan, Amer. 
Rev., pt. 2. I, 105-171; Van Tyne, Amer. Rev. (A.N. S.), 70-101. 

SPECIAL: Becker, Pol. Parties in N. Y., 253-276; Lincoln, Rev. 
Movement in Pa.. 233-265; Stilie, Life of Dickinson, 115-198. 

Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflets, no. 11; Ford, Jours. Cont. Cong., 
V, 491-516; Hart, Contemp., H. nos. 186, 188; MacDonald, 
Documents, 1-6; Preston, Documents. 210. 

(a) Lee's motion. 

(6) Vote postponed; delegates uninstructed. 

(c) Attitude of middle colonies; John Dick- 

inson. 

(d) Triumph of radicals; declaration adopted. 

(e) Strength of indictment. 

D. Political Philosophy of the Revolution. 

Dunning. Political Theories. Luther to Montesquieu. 219-262, 
355-422; Dwight, James Harrington (Pol. Science Quar., II, 
1-44); Fisher, Struggle for Indep.. I, 18-36; Friedenwald. Decl. 
of Indep., 184-207; Merriam, Am. Pol. Theories, 46-60; Osgood, 
Pol. Ideas of Puritans (Pol. Science Quar.. VI. 1-28. 201-231); 



Section IV] American colonial history 107 

Ritchie, Social Contract Theory (Pol. Science Quar., VI, 656-676); 
Tyler, Lit. Hist. Amer. Rev., I, for discussion of philosophy of 
Otis, Jefferson, Paine, etc. 

1. Basis of colonial argument. 

(a) Rights of Englishmen. 

(b) Transition to Rights of Man. 

2. Sources and principles of Naturrecht philosophy. 

(a) Theories of Milton and Harrington. 
(6) John Locke; "Essays on Government"; 
influence on colonial thought. 

(c) Rousseau, "Social Contract"; Montes- 

quieu, "Spirit of Laws"; influence in 
colonies. 

3. Natural rights philosophy in colonies. 

(a) Outgrowth of colonial development. 

(6) Compact in Puritan philosophy and practice, 

(c) Scotch-Irish Presbyterians and covenant. 

{d) Writings of Otis, Jefferson, Paine, etc. 



Part Six 
CONFEDERATION AND CONSTITUTION 

1776-1789 



SECTION I. THE FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT 
A. The First State Constitutions. 

Secondary: GENERAL: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), V, 426-434; 
Bryce, Amer. Com. (3d ed.), I, 427-435; Channing, Hist. U. S., 
IH; Fiske, Critical Period, 64-70; Thorpe, Const. Hist. Am. 
People, I, 101-132; Van Tyne, Amer. Rev. (A. N. S.), 136-156. 

SPECIAL: Bond, State Gov't, in Md. (J. H. S., XXHI, 139-242); 
Cushing, Mass. (C. U. S., VH, 174-279); Dougherty, New 
York (Pol. Science Quar., HI, 489-497); Ford, Pa. (Pol. Science 
Quar., X, 426-459); Harding, Pa. (A. H. A. R., 1894, 371-402); 
Lingley, Va. (C. U. S., XXXVI, 158-177); Lincoln, Rev. 
Movement in Pa., 266-287; Sikes, No. Car. (J. H. S., XVI, 518- 
541); Silver, Md. (J. H. S., XIII, 517-537). 

Sources: The state constitutions of the period of the Revolution 
may be found in Poore, Charters and Consts.; Thorpe, Charters 
and Consts. 

1. Basis of authority. 

(a) Sovereignty of people; compact theory. 
(6) Charters as fundamental laws 

2. Mode of formation and ratification. 

Borgeaud, Adop. and Amend. Consts., 137-145; Dodd, First Const. 
Convs. (Am. Pol. Science Rev., II, 545-561); Dodd, Rev. and 
Amend, of First Consts. (J. H. S., ex. vol., 1-29); Jameson, Constl. 
Convs., sees. 125-158. 

(a) Provincial congresses as constituent bodies. 



Section I AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY 109 

(b) Constitutional conventions and popular 

ratification; Massachusetts, 1780; New 
Hampshire, 1784. 

(c) Provisions for revision and amendment. 

3. Analysis and comparison first state governments. 

Morey, Comp. First State Consts. (Annals Amer. Acad., IV, 201- 
232); Webster, First State Consts. (Annals Amer. Acad., IX, 
380-420); Fisher, Evol. of Const., chs. i-v. 

(a) General similarity of institutions. 

(6) Legislature; form, term, qualifications, 

powers, 
(c) Executive and executive councils; form, 

election, term, qualifications, powers. 
{d) Judiciary; form, selection, term, power, and 

jurisdiction. 

4. Origin of institutions. 

(a) Conservatism. 

(6) Colonial precedents. 

B. Democratization of Politics and Society. 

Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), V, 111-125, 404-422; Fiske, Critical 
Period, 70-89; Merriam, Am. Pol. Theories, 74-88; Thorpe, 
Const. Hist. Am. People, I, 60-100. 

1. Bills of Right. 

(a) Guarantees of individual liberty; origin 
and influence. 

(6) Political philosophy of first state con- 
stitutions. 

2. Popidar government. 

(a) Dominant position of legislature. 

(6) Short term of office; frequency of elections. 

(c) Restrictions on reelection. 



110 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part VI 

{d) Weaknesses of system; subordinate position 
of executive and judiciary. 

3. Anti-slavery sentiment. 

DuBois, Suppression Afr. Slave Trade, 39-52; Locke, Anti-slavery 
in Amer., 66-87; Jameson, Essays on Const., 287-311; Wil- 
liams, Hist. Negro Race, I, 402-441. 

(a) Provisions of constitutions on slavery. 
(6) Slavery and Rights of Man. 

(c) Abolition in Massachusetts and New Hamp- 

shire; judicial decisions. 

(d) Manumission and gradual emancipation; 

state laws. 

4. Religions liberty. 

Cobb, Rise of Rel. Lib., 482-528; Hunt, Life of Madison, 67-87; 
Lingley, Va. (C. U. S., XXXVI, 190-212); Thom, Struggle in 
Va. (J. H. S., XVIII, 485-570). 

(a) Provisions of state constitutions on freedom 

of conscience. 
(6) Religious qualifications for office holding and 

voting. 
(c) Separation of church and state; Virginia. 

5. Abolition of primogeniture. 
C. Formation of the Confederation. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U.S. (last rev.), V, 199-208; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., Ill; Fiske, Critical Period, 90-100; Frothingham, 
Rise of Rep., 561-580; Jameson, Const'l. Convs., sees., 159-162; 
Story, Commentaries, I, sees. 222-242; Taylor, Origin and Growth 
Amer. Const., 108-138; Thorpe, Const'l. Hist. U. S., I, 208-242; 
Van Tyne, Amer. Rev. (A. N. S.), 175-202. 

Sources: Amer. Hist. Leaflets, nos. 14, 20; Ford, Jours. Cont. 
Cong., 11, 195-200, V, 546-556, 674-689, VI, 1076-1083, 1098- 
1106; MacDonald, Documents, 6; Preston, Documents, 218. 



Section I] American colonial history 111 

1. The problem. 

Burgess, Pol.Science and Const'I. Law, II, 5-8; Dicey, Law of Const. 
(3d ed.). 129-135; Van Tyne, Sovereignty in Amer. Rev. (Amer. 
Hist. Rev., XII, 529-545). 

(a) Principles and nature of federalism. 

(6) Forces of particularism; sovereignty of 

states, 
(c) Forces of union; geographical position, 

common political thought and action, 

etc. 

2. Plans of union. 

(a) Early proposals. (See p. 80.) 
(6) Galloway's plan, 1774. 
(c) Franklin's plan, 1775. 

3. Articles of Confederation. 

(a) Dickinson's draft; comparison with previ- 
ous plans. 

(6) Debate on apportionment of taxes and 
representation, on powers. 

(c) Difficulties of adoption; particularism of 

states, incompetence of congress. 

(d) Opposition to ratification; public land 

question. 

(e) Process of ratification. 

4. Analysis of Articles. 

(a) Nature of union; "league of friendship." 
(6) Powers of congress; domestic and foreign 
affairs. 

(c) Prohibition on states. 

(d) Radical error; doctrine of state sovereignty. 

(e) Defects; in form, powers, amendment, 

legislation. 



112 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part VI 

SECTION II. PROBLEMS CONFRONTING 
CONGRESS, 1776-1783 
A. Domestic Affairs. 

1. Army of the Revolution. 

Secondary: Brooks, Henry Knox; Fiske, Amer. Rev., II, 25-48; 
Hatch, Adm. of Army of Rev., 1-124; Oliver, Alex. Hamilton, 
bk. ii, ch. ii; Trevelyan, Amer. Rev., pt. 3, 289-339; Trevelyan, 
Geo. III. and Clias. Fox, I, 249-276; Van Tyne, Amer. Rev. 
(A. N. S.), 120-135, 236-239, 305-308. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 170, 174. 

(a) Origin of army; materials. 

(6) Organization of war department; defects. 

(c) Evils in army; enlistments, state inter- 
ference. 

{(1) Difficulties of army; soldiers' pay, Conway 
Cabal, Valley Forge. 

2. Navy of the Revolution. 

Paullin, Navy of Rev.; Fiske, Amer. Rev., II, 116-130; Van Tyne, 
Amer. Rev. (A. N. S.), 289-291, 316-318. 

(a) Navy department; organization and ad- 

ministration. 

(b) State navies. 

(c) Activities. 

3. Finances of the Revolution. 

Secondary: GENERAL: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), V, 439^58; 
BoUes, Financial Hist. U. S., I, 11-26, 190^05, 307-333; Bullock, 
Finances of Rev. (Univ. Wis. Bulletin), 117-210; Sumner, 
Financier and Finances of Rev., I, 8-95; Van Tyne, Amer. Rev. 
(A. N. S.), 239-243, 303-304. 

On treasury department: Jameson, Essays on Const., 127-137. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 206-208, 210. 

(a) Treasury department; evils of organization 
and administration. 



Section 11] American colonial history 113 

{b) Financial expedients; paper money, domes- 
tic and foreign loans, requisitions, 
(c) Depreciation and repudiation; results. 

B. Diplomacy of the Revolution. 

Secondary: GENERAL: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.). V, 226- 
268, 337-365; Channing, Hist. U. S., HI; Fisher, Struggle for 
Ind'ep., II, 106-121, 246-255, 328-335; Foster, Century of Amer. 
Dip., 1-39; Lecky, Hist. Eng., IV. 70-96, 166-176; Mahan. In- 
fluence of Sea Power, 1660-1783, 330-400; Trevelyan, Amer. 
Rev pt. 3, chs. x, xi; Trevelyan, Geo. III. and Chas. Fox. I. 
158-208; Van Tyne. Amer. Rev. (A. N. S.), 157-174, 202-236, 
289-333. 
SPECIAL: Edler, Dutch Rep. and Amer. Rev. (J. H. S., XXIX, 

187-410); Hale, Franklin in France, 33-193; Haworth, Fred. 

Great and Rev. (Amer. Hist. Rev., IX, 460); Jameson, St. 

Eustatia in Rev. (Amer. Hist. Rev., VIH, 683); Morse, 

Franklin, 217-300; Perkins, France m Rev.; Tower, Lafayette 

in Rev., I, chs. ii-v, ix, II, chs. xvii, xviii. 
Maps: Avery, Hist. U. S., VI, 279; Van Tyne, Amer. Rev. 

(A. N. S.), 228. 

1. Three-fold character of Revolution. 

(a) Civil conflict; Whigs and Loyalists. 

lb) National struggle; England and America. 

(c) International struggle. 

2. Situation in Europe after 1763. 

(a) Treaty of Paris, 1763; results. (See pp. 
90-91.) 

(6) Attitude of France and Spain toward Eng- 
land. 

3. Confederation and Europe, 1776-1778. 

Jameson, Essays on Const., 142-146; Callender, Econ. Hist. U. S., 
159-168. 

(a) Organization of foreign office. 
(6) Commerce as a inilitary weapon. 



114 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part VI 

(c) American commissioners abroad. 

(d) Early relations with France and Holland. 

4. Europe and American Revolution, 1778-1781. 

(a) Victory at Saratoga, 1777; effect on Europe. 

(6) French alliance, 1778; provisions. 

(c) English peace commission; failure. 

(d) Isolated position of England; League of 

Neutrality, 1780; war with France, Hol- 
land, Spain. 

(e) European aid and American success. 

5. Treaty of Paris, 1782-1783. 

Secondary: GENERAL: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), V, 525-580; 
Channing, Hist. U. S., Ill; Fisher, Struggle for Indep., II, 504- 
551; Fiske, Critical Period, 1-49; Foster, Century Amer. Dip., 
41-101; Lecky, Hist. Eng., IV, 218-220, 271-302; McLaughlin, 
Confed. and Const. (A. N. S.), 3-34. 

SPECIAL: Fitzmaurice, Life of Shelburne, HI, 1G4-327; Hale, Frank- 
lin in France, II, chs. iv-xi; Jay, Life of Jay, I, 133-183; Morse, 
Franklin, 352-397. 

Sources: Hart, Contemp., II, nos. 215-217; MacDonald, Docu- 
ments, 15; Preston, Documents, 232. 

Maps: Avery, Hist. U. S., VI, 35G-351, 362; Dow, Atlas European 
Hist., 31; McLaughHn, Confed. and Const. (A. N. S.), 14, 40; 
Shepherd, Histl. Atlas, 189-194, 199. 

(a) Victory at Yorktown, 1781 ; significance. 
(6) Preliminary peace negotiations; difficulties 

of problem. 
(c) Anglo-American negotiations. 
{d) Definitive treaty, 1783; provisions. 
C. The West during the Revolution. 

GENERAL: Alden, New Gov'ts. West of AUeghanies, (Univ. Wis. 
Bulletin); Carter, Great Brit, and 111. Country, 103-163; How- 
ard, Prelim, of Rev. (A. N. S.), 222-241; Roosevelt, Winning 
of West, I, chs. V, vii, x, xii, II, chs. viii, x-xii; Turner, State 
Making during Rev. (Amer. Hist. Rev., I, 70-87, 251-269); 



Section II] amekican colonial history 115 

Van Tyne, Amer. Rev. (A. X. S.), 269-288; Winsor, Westward 
Movement, eh. vi. 

On geographic influences, ■ Semple, Amer. Hist, and Geog. Condi- 
tions, 19-92. 

Maps: Avery, Hist. U. S., V, 174-175, 402; Howard, Prelim, 
of Rev. (A. N. S.), 230; Van Tyne, Amer. Rev. (A. N. S.), 278. 

1. Early schemes of colonization. 

(a) Ohio Company, 1749; Albany Plan of 

Union. 
(6) Proclamation, 1763; purpose. (See p. 89.) 

Farrand, Indian Boundary Line (Amer. Hist. Rev., X, 782-791.) 

(c) Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1768. 

2. Settlem^ts and institutional beginnings. 

(a) Illinois and Vandalia projects; failure. 

(6) Watauga settlements; organization. 

(c) Beginnings of Kentucky; Transylvania 

project, 1774. 
{d) Westsylvania, 1776. 

3. Contest for the West. 

Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), V, 300-316; Channing, Hist. U. S. 
HI; Fiske, Amer. Rev., II, 82-109; Hinsdale, Old North- 
west, ch. ix; Roosevelt, Winning of West, I, chs. viii, Lx, xi, II, 
chs. i-iv; Winsor, Westward Movement, ch. \-iii. 

(a) Uprising of Indians; Dunmore's War. 
(6) Claims of Virginia to West. 
(c) George Rogers Clark and conquest North- 
west. 
{d) Struggle for Southwest. 

4. The West and Treaty of 1783. 

(a) Attitude of Spain. 
(&) Division proposed by France. 
(c) Provisions of treaty; boundaries, naviga- 
tion of Mississippi, frontier posts. 



116 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part VI 

SECTION III. FAILURE OF THE CONFEDERATION 
1783-1787 

A. Disorder and Anarchy in Domestic Relations. 

1. The difficulties. 

McLaughlin, Confed. and Const. (A. N. S.), 35-52; Oliver, Alex. 
Hamilton, bk. ii, chs. ii, iv. 

(a) Economic distress; taxation and commerce. 
(6) Particularism released by peace. 

(c) Decentralizing influence of political phi- 

losophy. 

(d) Incompetence of congress; lack of power, 

inferiority of delegates. 

2. Quarrels between states. 

Channing, Hist. U. S., Ill; Fiske, Critical Period, 145-153; Mc- 
Master, Hist. People U. S., I, 155-164, 210-216, 361, 404-406; 
Roosevelt, Winning of West, HI, chs. iv, v. 

(a) Wyoming Valley dispute; Connecticut and 

Pennsylvania. 

(b) Green Mountain trouble. 

(c) Separatist tendencies; efforts to form new 

states; Franklin, Kentucky, New Con- 
necticut, Vermont. 

(d) Impost war between states. 

(e) Impotency of confederation revealed. 

3. Financial disorders in states. 

Secondary : GENERAL: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), VI, 167-176; 

Channing, Hist. U. S., Ill; Fiske, Critical Period, 163-186; 

McLaughlin, Confed. and Const. (A. N. S.), 138-167; McMaster, 

Hist. People U. S., I, 281-354; Weedcu, Soc. and Econ. Hist. 

New Eng., II, 840-875. 
SPECIAL: Bates, Rhode Island and Union (C. U. S., X, 107-148); 

Hunt, Life of Madison, 24-43; Minot, Shays's Rebellion; 



Section III] American colonial history 117 

Warren, Confed. and Shays's Reb. (Amer. Hist. Rev., XI, 
42-68). 
Source: Hart, Contemp., Ill, no. 58. 

(a) Causes of economic distress; section 

affected. 
(&) Stay and tender laws; agitation for paper 

money, 
(c) Shays's rebellion in Massachusetts. 
{d) Disturbances in other colonies. 

4. Financial disorders of Confederation. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S (last rev.), VI, 24-35; Chan- 
ning, Hist. U.S., HI; Fiske, Critical Period, 90-119; McLaugh- 
lin, Confed. and Const. (A. N. S.), 53-70, 78-83; Oberholtzer, 
Robt. Morris, 60-213; Sumner, Financier and Finances of Rev., 
II, 1-21, 48-80. 

On the mutiny of the army, Hatch, Adm. of Army of Rev., 124-194. 

Source: Am. Hist. Leaflets, no. 28. 

(a) Reorganization; work of Robert Morris. 
(6) Struggle for revenue; amendments, 1781, 
1783; failure. 

(c) Deplorable condition of finances. 

(d) Mutiny of army; soldiers' pay. 

5. The Loyalists. 

Secondary: GENERAL: Fiske, Critical Period, 120-130; McMaster, 
Hist. People U. S., I, 107-130; Van Tyne, Loyalists of Rev., 
chs. ix-xiii; Van Tj-ne, Amer. Rev. (A. N. S.), 248-268. 

SPECIAL: Bourinot, Canada, 7&-86; Flick, New York Loyalists 
(C. U. S., XIV, 116-214); Morse, Life of Hamilton, I, 141-150. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., IH, nos. 166-169. 

(a) Treatment during war. 

(6) Provisions of treaty of 1783. 

(c) Violation of treaty; state action against 

Loyalists. 

(d) Case of Rutgers vs. Waddington; Hamilton. 

(e) Emigration of Loyalists. 



118 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part VI 

B. laadequacy in Foreign Relations. 

1. Failure to enforce treaty obligations. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), VI, 36-53; Channing, 
Hist. U. S., Ill; Fiske, Critical Period, 131-134; McLaughlin, 
Western Posts and Brit. Debts (A. H. A. R., 1894, 413-444); 
Winsor, Westward Movement, 225-237. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., HI, no. 47. 

(a) Difficulty of enforcing treaties. 

(b) State violations of treaty of 1783; Loyalists, 

British debts. 

(c) British retaliation; retention frontier posts. 

(d) Discontent of western settlers. 

2. Commercial relations with Great Britain, 

Secondary: Callender, Econ. Hist. U. S., 196-220; Fiske, Critical 
Period, 134-144; McLaughlin, Confed. and Const. (A. N. S.), 
103-107; McMaster, Hist. People U. S.. I. 226-249. 

Sources: Am. Hist. Leaflets, no. 28, vii; Hart, Contemp., HI, nos. 
48-53. 

(a) Difficulty of negotiating treaties. 
(6) American trade and mercantile system of 
Europe. 

(c) British discriminations against American 

trade. 

(d) Commerce amendment, 1784; failure. 

3. Spain and Southwest. 

Secondary: Channing, Hist. U. S., HI; Fiske, Critical Period, 
208-211; Hunt, Life of Madison, 44-66; McLaughlin, Confed. 
and Const. (A. N. S.), 89-102; McMaster, Hist. People U. S., 
I, 371-389, 412-416; Ogg, Opening of Miss., 400-460; Roose- 
velt, Winning of West, HI, ch. iii; Winsor, Westward Move- 
ment, 326-350. 

Source: Hart, Contemp., Ill, no. 45. 

(a) Question of southern boundary and naviga- 
tion of Mississippi. 



Section IV] American colonial history 119 

(6) Spanish intrigues in Southwest. 

(c) Jay-Gardoqui negotiations; failure. 

(d) Proposed commercial treaty. 

(e) Threats of secession in Southwest, in New 

England. . 



SECTION IV. TRIUMPH OF NATIONALISM 
A. The West as a Consolidating Factor. 

Secondary: GENERAL: Donaldson, Public Domain, 59-88; Fiske, 
Critical Period, 187-207; Ford, Precedents of Natl. Land Sys- 
tem (Univ. Wis. Bulletin), 54-91; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 
192-279; McLaughlin, Confed. and Const. (A. N. S.), 108-137; 
Treat, National Land System, 1785-1820, 1-40; Winsor, West- 
ward Movement, 245-293. 

SPECIAL: Adams, Md.'s Influence (J. H. S., Ill, 7-54); Cutler, Life 
of Cutler, I, ch. viii; Sato, Land Question m U. S. (J. H. S., IV, 
279-300). 

Sources: Am. Hist. Leaflets, no. 32; Hart, Contemp., Ill, nos. 
42, 43, 46; MacDonald, Documents, 21; Preston, Documents, 
240. 

Maps: Avery, Hist. U. S., VI, 388, 410-411; McLaughlin, Confed. 
and Const. (A. N. S.), 108, 116, 134. 

1. Origin of national domain. 

(a) State claims to western lands; basis. 
(6) Attitude of landless states, 
(c) State cessions. 

2. Administration of NortJnvest. 

(a) Resolution of congress, 1780. 

(6) Jefferson's ordinance, 1784. 

(c) Various reports and suggestions, 1785-1786. 

3. Ordinance of 17 S7. 

(a) Reasons for passage; financial straits of 
confederation. 
* (6) Ohio Company; agency of Cutler. 



120 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part VI 

(c) Authorship of ordinance. 

(d) Principal features. 

B. Commerce as a Centripetal Force. 

Secondary: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), VI, 5-23, 59-68, 
* 110-115. 177-203; Channing, Hist. U. S., HI; Ford, Rise and 

Growth Amer. Pol., 34-58; Fiske, Critical Period, 212-221; 
Frothingham, Rise of Rep., 584-589; Hunt, Life of Madison, 
87-107; McLaughlin, Confed. and Const. (A. N. S.), 168-183; 
McMaster, Hist. People U. S., I, 200-210, 258-259, 356-370, 
390-391; Taylor, Origin and Growth Amer. Const., 139-162; 
Thorpe, Const'l. Hist. U. S., I, 243-288. 

Sources. For proposed amendments, see Amer. Hist. Leaflets, 
no. 28; Elliot, Debates, I, 85-116; Hamilton, Works (Lodge 
ed.), I, 214-291; Washington, Writings (Ford ed.), IX, 174-176, 
192-194, X, 201-202, 274-279; Hart, Contemp., IH, nos. 37-41, 
54, 56, 57, 59. 

1. The problem. 

Culberson, Alex. Hamilton, 4-35; Oliver, Alex. Hamilton, bk. ii, 
chs. i, v; Federalist, nos. iii, iv, xi, xii. 

(a) Inadequacy of confederation in finance and 

commerce. 
(6) Inability of states to deal with economic 

situation. 
(c) Ill-effect on commerce and industry. 

2. Efforts to strengthen union. 

(a) By grant of specific powers; commerce and 

revenue amendments. 

(b) By grant of coercive powers; report of 

Madison. 

(c) Proposals of Hamilton and Washington. 

(d) Pamphlets of Pelatiah and Noah Webster. 
(c) Proposals for a constitutional convention; 

legislatures of New York, 1782, Massa- 
chusetts, 1785. 



Section IV] AMERICAN colonial history 121 

3. Commerce and a constitutional convention. 
(a) Commercial disputes between states. 
(6) Virginia-Maryland commercial commission- 
ers, 1784-1785. 

(c) Annapolis convention, 1786. 

(d) Call for a constitutional convention. 

C. Formation of the Constitution. 

Secondary: GENERAL: Bancroft, Hist. U. S. (last rev.), VI, 207- 
270; Channing, Hist. U. S., Ill; Fiske, Critical Period, 222-305; 
Frothingham, Rise of Rep., 589-610; McLaughlin, Confed. and 
Const. (A. N. S.), 201-277; McMaster. Hist. People U. S., I, 
417-427, 436-453; Thorpe, Constl. Hist. U. S., I, bk. ii. 

SPECIAL: Elliot, Story of Const., 1-26; Hunt, Life of Madison, 
108-156; Morse, Alex. Hamilton, I, 155-237; Oliver, Alex. 
Hamilton, bk. ii, ch. vi. 

Sources: For debates in the convention, see Elliot, Debates, I; 
Farrand, Recs. Federal Conv., I, II; Hart, Contemp., Ill, nos. 
60-67. 

1. The Convention. 

(a) Composition and organization. 
(6) Personnel; character and ability. 

2. The difficulties. 

(a) Sectional antagonisms; North and South, 
East and West. 

(6) Limitations on convention's power; in- 
structions to delegates. 

(c) Organic nature of union; nationalist and 

states' rights parties. 

(d) Necessity of compromise. 

3. Plans of government. 

Elliot, Debates, I, 143-183; Farrand, Recs. Federal Conv., Ill, 
593-630. 

(a) Virginia plan; national. 
(6) Debate on Virginia plan. 



122 AMERICAN COLONIAL HISTORY [Part VI 

(c) New Jersey plan; confederation. 

(d) Debate on New Jersey plan; rejection. 

(e) Hamilton's plan; extreme character. 

4. Compromise. 

Farrand, Compromises of Const. (Amer. Hist. Rev., IX, 479-489). 

(a) Representation; senate and house of repre- 
sentatives. 
(&) Apportionment of representatives, 
(c) Commerce and slavery. 
{d) Executive. 

5. Origin and nature of constitution. 

Secondary: Beard, Supreme Com-t and Const.; Bryce, Amer. 
Com. (3d ed.), I, 670-673; Farrand, Const, and Defects of 
Confed. (Amer. Pol. Science Rev., II, 532-544); Fisher, Evol. of 
Const., chs. vi-viii; Merrianf, Amer. Pol. Theories, 96-141; 
McLaughlin, Social Compact and Const. (Amer. Hist. Rev., 
V, 467-490); Robinson, Original and Derived Features (Annals 
Amer. Acad., I, 203-243); Stevens, Sources of Const. 

Source: Federalist, nos. 41-48. 

(a) Derived features of constitution; colonial 
and state precedents, English experience. 
(6) Constitution and defects of confederation. 

(c) Principle of distribution of powers; dele- 

gated and reserved powers. 

(d) Tripartite division of governmental powers. 
{e) Supreme law of land; check on state laws. 
(/) Philosophy of constitution. 

D. Ratification of the Constitution. 

Secondary: GENERAL: Bancroft. Hist. U. S. (last rev.), VI, 371- 
466; Channing, Hist. U. S., HI; Fiske, Critical Period, 306-345; 
McLaughlin, Confed. and Const. (A. N. S.), 277-318; McMaster, 
Hist. People U. S., I, 454-502; Story, Commentaries, I, sees. 
281-305. 



Section IV] American colonial history 123 

SPECIAL: Libby, Geog. Dist. Vote on Const. (Univ. Wis. Bulletin); 
Bates, Rhode Island and Union (C. U. S., X, 149-200); Harding. 
Ratification in Mass. ; McMaster and Stone, Pa. and Fed. Const. ; 
Raper, Why N. C. at First Refused to Ratify Const. (A. H. A. R., 
1905, I, 99-123). 

BIOGRAPHICAL: Hunt, Life of Madison, 137-166; Hosmer, Sam'l. 
Adams, 392-401; Morse, Life of Hamilton, I, 238-275; Oliver, 
Alex. Hamilton, bk. ii, ch. vii; Tyler, Patrick Henry, 279-301. 

Sources: Elliot, Debates, II; Ford, Pamphlets on Const.; Hart, 
Contemp., Ill, nos. 68-75. 

Maps: Showing distribution of vote on the ratification of constitu- 
tion, Libby, Geog. Dist. Vote on Const. (Univ. Wis. Bulletm); 
McLaughlin, Confed. and Const. (A. N. S.), 278, 300, 

1. Areas and basis of opposition. 

(a) Influence of West. 
(6) Question of paper money. 
(c) Fear of consolidation. 
{d) No guarantees of liberty. 

2. Areas and basis of support. 

(a) East and commercial classes. 
(&) Theories of Federalist. 

3. Struggles in state conventions. 

(a) Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Virginia, 

New York. 
(&) Opposition in North Carolina and Rhode 

Island. 

4. Adoption of Bill of Rights. 



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The pictures separately, 80 cents, net, each; by mail, 90 cents. 

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LIBERTY DOCUMENTS. 

With Contemporary Exposition and Critical Comments drawn from 
Various Writers. Selected and Prepared by MABEL HILL of the State 
Normal School, Lowell, Mass. Edited with an Introduction by ALBERT 
BUSHNELL HART, Ph.D., Professor of History in Harvard University. 
Large Crown 8vo. $2.00. 

The purpose of this work is to place some of the most important memorials 
of history of the Anglo-Saxon race in a suitable and illuminating setting; the 
document itself in a carefully verified text; the opinions of contemporaries who 
are interested and competent; later comment of scientific writers, who have 
studied the documents through the perspective of human progress. 

Contents: L Coronation Oath and Charter of Henry I. (1101) ; II. Magna 
Charta (1215) ; III. The Summons to Parliament (1295) ; IV. Confir- 
matio Chartarum (1297); V. Legal Forms and Jury Trials (1429); VI. 
Petition of Right (1G28) ; VII. English Written Constitutions (1648- 
1653); VIII. Habeas Corpus Act (1679) ; IX. The Bill of Rights (1689); 
X. Act of Settlement (1700-1701); XI. Spirit of Colonial Rights (1721- 
1765) ; XII. The Stamp Act Controversy (1765); XIII. Virginia Bill of 
Rights (1776) ; XIV. Declaration of Independence (1776) ; XV. The 
Articles of Confederation (1781) ; XVI. The Northwest Ordinance (1787) ; 
XVII. The Constitution of the United States (1787); XVIII. Washing- 
ton's Farewell Address (1796) ; XIX. The Extent of Federal Powers 
(1819) ; XX. Liberties of Other American Peoples (1823) ; XXI. The 
Rights of Slaves and of their Race (1857) ; XXII. Emancipation of the 
Slaves (1862-1863); XXIII. The Reconstruction Amendments (1865- 
1870) ; XXIV. Liberty in United States Colonies and Dependencies 
(1898-1899). 

THE MAKING OF OUR MIDDLE SCHOOLS. An Account of the 
Development of Secondary Education in the United States. 

By ELMER ELLSWORTH BROWN. Ph.D., Chancellor of New York 
University, formerly United States Commissioner of Education. Crown 
Svo. $3.00. 



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THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

By the Rt. Hon. SIR GEORGE OTTO TREVELYAN, Bart., O.M. 
Volume I, with Portrait, Volume II, and Volume III, with Maps and 
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by mail, $'i.\S. Volume IV, Saratoga and Brandywine, Valley Forge, 
England and France at War. With 3 Maps and Index. Crown 8vo. 
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GEORGE THE THIRD AND CHARLES FOX. 

The Concluding Part of "The American Revolution." In two volumes. 
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POLITICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND (The). 

By Various Authors. Edited by the Rev. WILLIAM HUNT, D.Litt., 
of Trinity College, Oxford, late President of the Royal Historical Society, 
and REGINALD L. POOLE, Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, and 
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This History is intended to set forth in a readable form the results at 
present attained" by historical research. In its scope it is primarily poHtical, 
though religious matters must necessarily at certain periods have a prominent 
place, and important social phenomena of all kinds are noted, especially those 
which have had a bearing on political events. The foot-notes are, so far as is 
possible, confined to references, and references are not given in the case of 
matters of common knowledge. The chief authorities used in each volume, 
their characters, values, etc., are discussed in an Appendix to the volume. 
Each of the twelve volumes is written by a separate Author, but all form one 
book exhibiting unity of design and treatment. 

Volume I (to 1066). By Thomas Hodgkin. Volume II (1066-1216). 
By G. B. Adams. Volume III (1216-1377). By T. F. Tout. Volume 
IV (1377-1485). By C. Oman. Volume V (1485-1547). By H. A. L. 
Fisher. Volume VI (1547-1603). By A. F. Pollard. Volume VII 
(1603-1660). By F. C. Montague. Volume VIII (1660-1702). By R. 
Lodge. Volume IX (1702-1760). By I. S. Leadam. Volume X (1760- 
1801). By WiUiam Hunt. Volume XI (1801-1837). By the Hon. 
George C Brodrick and J. K. Fotheringham. Volume XII (1837-1901). 
By Sidney Low, M.A., and Lloyd C. Sanders, B.A. 

IMPERIUM ET LIBERTAS. A study in History and Politics. 
By BERNARD HOLLAND. 8vo. $4.00. 
Contents: General Observations. The American Revolution. Canada. 
The United Kingdom. The Empire. Appendices: The Canadian 
Federation Act of 1867. The Australian Federation Act of 1900. Index. 

THE TEACHING OF HISTORY AND CIVICS IN THE ELEMEN- 
TARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL. 

By HENRY E. BOURNE, B.A., B.D., Professor in the Women's 
College of the Western Reserve University. With Bibliographies and 
Index. Crown 8vo. $1.50. 



T 23 1912 



